Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9?

Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9? The Unexpected Truth About Essay Samples for Grade 9 Additionally, there are free informative speech papers that it is possible to download from the world wide web. In 10th grade, students ought to be in a position to write and complete written compositions on a normal basis. Therefore, such statement should not be overly large or general, because it defines the essential route for the paper. Exactly like a thesis statement, a purpose statement can be found at the close of the intro paragraph, or may choose the kind of a different paragraph in sizeable papers, like dissertations etc.. If you are in possession of a crystal clear essay, readers will understand easily what you wish to tell. The readers wish to read an essay that's absolutely free from any mistakes so it will be simple to comprehend. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning and the whole thought of your essay might be incomprehensible. Therefore, either you wish to learn more about how to compose an essay, or you desire some essay writing services or even in the event that you would like to go through some sample essays, then just refer to WritingBest and all of your requirements will be fulfilled whenever possible. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you are going to want to argue is an excellent start. So whenever you're writing on argumentative subject, then you have to be more careful than you usually are. If you would like to convince your readers, be sure that you present information in a superior manner that could be read easily. It's critical to be specific and supply factual details. Design an internet site which pulls information from several sources to supply a unified view. The information should have a superior flow. The Fight Ag ainst Essay Samples for Grade 9 Essay writing is often practiced is schools. Months before the IELTS test, you should first realize the position in which you stand when it comes to the English language. You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. Students are requested to indicate how a specific sentence may be corrected or improved or the way the organization or development of a paragraph may be strengthened. Students learn how to write effectively when they write more frequently. They have to write essays depending on the teacher's instructions or their desired style in writing. Lack of time Unlike in high school, they do not have a lot of time to write essays in college. As a consequence, most students prefer to look for external aid to be able to boost their grades. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9? Argumentative essays are a structure and form of an essay that's intended to argue a particular idea or concept that's then brought through a process which delivers support and data that could enhance or take away from the view of the scenario. In a brief paper, a thesis statement should be found at the close of the intro paragraph. What's more, it's possible to also seek the aid of your course mates that have a better knowledge of the topic than you do. Put simply, the theme on which you are likely to compose your thesis ought to be limited in scope or it can turn out disjointed and lose its intended aim. The Chronicles of Essay Samples for Grade 9 Reading samples of response papers is also an additional way by which you can easily learn how to compose a reaction paper to documentary. Then, you've got to keep in your mind several things. These guidelines will help you in planning how to compose a reaction paper to a documentary. Use recognizable tone along with theme you may identify with. The effect of consumerism is a problem for global warming. The usage of fossil fuels is also quite effective as it reduces using harmful fuels like petroleum and diesel as they harm atmosphere around us. Increasing for production is the consequence of consumerisms. The Downside Risk of Essay Samples for Grade 9 Provide the facts of your litigation certifications Your previous work experience will assist you in getting more employers. Finally be certain that your essay meets minimum set requirements and doesn't overlook some crucial requir ements. Some individuals desire to get a good life partner, although some of them desire to have handsome quantity of income. Person goal examples may supply the guidance to a person.

The Compound Effect By Darren Hardy - 1029 Words

Griffey Halle Bus 210 Dr. Carl Wysocki Book Summary June 11, 2017 The Compound Effect by Darren Hardy This was a very good and intriguing book to read throughout the past couple weeks. I thought that Darren Hardy made handling money and life very simple and easy unlike other books. I Thought for my summary of the book that I would share some of his great ideas he presented in the book with his wisdom. Success and failure are the results of the choices that we make everyday. Part of the compound effect is making the right decision over and over again for a long period of time in order to be consistently successful. Its all about making the right decision which can be hard at times because sometimes you don’t know what the right decision†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"every decision, no matter how slight, alters the trajectory of your life (pg.23).† Another great thing I took from this book is to track the habits that you want to change. This is something that I can apply to my whole life especially the financial part of it. I fid myself spending my money way to fast and wondering how it disappeared so quickly. In the book it says to make sure you record everything that you buy so you can make improvements on what you are doing with your money. â€Å"Tracking is a simple exercise. It works because it brings moment-to-moment awareness to the actions you take in the area of your life you want to improve (pg. 38).† Another great part about this book is when he talks about riding the momentum of success. Its important that when you find success that you go back to what got you there and work just as hard as you did before and you will begin to ride this wave or rhythm of success. â€Å"Achievers-People who get into a successful rhythm-continue busting their butts and end up achieving more and more (pg.94).† I think that one of the most important parts of the book is when talks about developing a routine. A routine is everything, its what you do everyday in order to be successful and find success in life. Developing a routine develops great habits in every part ofShow MoreRelatedIndia Wine Industry Report5915 Words   |  24 Pages and Pikes, Victor Precie and Stonier of Victoria have tied up with Echidna Wine Traders to market their wines in India. Xanadu and Cape Mentelle from Western Australia are also being marketed in India by Fine Wines More and Moet Hennessey. BRL Hardy has a dist ribution arrangement with Sula Vineyards of Nasik. Additionally well known Australia brands such as Oxford Landing, Yellow Tail, Jacobs Creek, and Tyrell are readily available in India. Market Segment and Market Share for Imported Wines:

Substance Abuse and Mental Illness

Question: Discuss about the Substance Abuse and Mental Illness. Answer: Individuals suffering from substance abusing are also suffering from mental illness as well as significant challenges for the practitioners of mental health. The treatment of this disease is really difficult as it needs to undergo a series of psychological treatment. In 1980 the recognition of dual diagnosis was first done. Treatment of the patients with dual diagnosis is quite troublesome (Braddy et al. 1996). Time when mental illness and substance abuse takes place together, at that time they are known as co-morbidity. Psychological sickness along with substance abuse kind of incidents occur on a variety, and a concurrent issue arises when they converge anytime, generate an almost never-ending rundown of feasible mixes. For example, a clild may use liquor to adapt to sentiments of uneasiness or even utilize medication to adapt to manifestations of ADHD (Hilarski and Wodarski 2008). The more serious the basic psychological well-being or substance mishandle issue is, the more probable it will raise to a simultaneous issue. The connection between psychological wellness issues and substance abuse fluctuate contingent upon the sort and seriousness of the emotional well-being issue, the substance utilized and the seriousness of the substance mishandle issues (Cuzen et al. 2014). For instance, in grown-ups, tension and discouragement are more identified with substance reliance, instead of substa nce abuse.6 However, there is less research inspecting these distinctions in youth. The most widely recognized dysfunctional behaviors found in mix with substance mishandle among youth are CD, ODD, clinical discouragement and PTSD. In Western societies, homeless people have a higher predominance of emotional sickness when contrasted to the general population. They additionally will probably be alcoholic and experience the ill effects of medication dependency. It is evaluated that 2025% of homeless people, contrasted and 6% of the non-destitute, have serious mental illness. Others estimated that up to one third of the destitute experience the ill effects of mental distress. Studies have found that there is a connection amongst homelessness and imprisonment. Those with emotional instability or substance abused were observed to be incarcerated at a higher recurrence than the general populaces. Genuine mental illness disrupts the individuals' capacity for completing the basic parts of everyday life, for example, self care and family unit administration. Mental illness may likewise keep people from framing and keeping up stable connections or make them misinterpret others' direction and respond irrationally (Kessler et al. 1994). This frequently brings about pushing away the care-givers, family, and companions who might be the constrain shielding that individual from getting to be noticeably destitute. Poor emotional health may likewise control physical well being, predominantly for homeless individuals. Emotional unsteadiness may make individuals take no notice of playing it safe against ailment. At the point when consolidated with lacking hygiene due to vagrancy, this may result in physical issues, like respiratory infection, skin dieses, or even introduction to tuberculosis (TB) or HIV. Almost half of the realistically sick poor populace experiences substance abuse and dependence (Substance Mishandle and Psychological well-being Administrations Organization). For some homeless, substance abuse co-occurs with emotional sickness. Regularly, individuals with untreated emotional sicknesses utilize road for sedating themselves as an improper type of self-medication. Homeless with both substance disorder and emotional sickness encounters extra impediments for the recovery, for instances, increased risk for brutality and exploitation (Lembke 2012). Addiction is basic in individuals with emotional well-being issues. Be that as it may, despite the fact that substance abuse and emotional wellness issue like depression and anxiety are firmly connected, one doesn't straightforwardly bring about the other. Substances like drugs, alcohol are frequently used to self-medicate the signs of anxiety or depression.It also causes abuse based on the side-effects and in future, worsens the minor signs that initially occurred. It also increases the risk underlying for mental disorders.Mental disorders occur due to complex interaction of genetics, the surroundings, and other external facts (Mariani, Khantzian and Levin 2014). It causes mental health problem worse.Substance abuse may prominently increase signs of mental sickness or initiate new signs. Alcohol and drug abuse can also act together with medicine like antidepressants, anti-anxiety pills, and frame of mind stabilizers, making them less efficient. The article has explored PTSDSUD co-morbidity in a discouraged test. We found that females and people had nearly identical their reality, rehash, or repeat of these encounters, the misfortune's age at the event of the damage, or the blameworthy party. Subsequently, it is conceivable that females in our study had more over the top encounters of harm than males. In like way, they were essentially more conceivable than people to self-see as Aboriginal, which may have developed their weakness for mischief introduction (McCrackwen, Holmes and Corrigan 1998). The marvels of chronicled and trans-generational harm, encounters of youth care, non-state funded school, and social minimization are especially consistent among Aboriginal masses The watched sex contrasts may in like way be inferable from females being at a more authentic hazard for specific sorts of traumatic occasions, (for example, sexual abuse) that will probably acknowledge PTSD (Ogloff, Lemphers and Dwyer 2004). Homeless females and males may benefit by the same treatment parts keeping an eye on their substance use rehearses, additional sex-specific fragments may be melded to address their enthusiastic prosperity issues. Clinicians working in SUD organizations for the dejected should realize that females are more inclined to have synchronous PTSD, and should be set up to offer PTSD treatment as a joined some bit of their organizations, or insinuate them to an organized treatment program. Clinicians should be orchestrated to offer crisis and suicide neutralizing activity and treatment for females with PTSD. In addition, their generous, energetic, and subjective appearances of inconvenience could respond to eager control and stress organization get ready using cognitive behavioral and loosening up frameworks. Starting late, rationalistic lead treatment has been joined with a postponed acquaintance tradition with treat PTSD in females with complex psychiatric conditions, and has yielded promisi ng results in diminishing a broad assortment of trauma related and psychiatric appearances (Torchalla et al. 2014). Clearly, it is possible that females report more important appearances in these areas essentially in light of the way that they have more PTSD signs than folks, and in this way, realizing standard PTSD treatment would be sufficient to enhance each and every opposite reaction. This is a district in which future research is required. Folks, on the other hand, may benefit by the extension of expert and gathering reintegration organizations. It may be clear as an associated but unrelated pathologic or illness process; this term is generally used in the epidemiology realm for indicating the co-existence of two or even more illness processes. in recent times, professionals have started using the terms dual diagnosis and co-morbidity in an interchangeable manner for referring an individual with a material (Thomson, Wilson and Robinson 2009). Patients with co-occurring syndrome are tough to the drug and psychological treatment due to their frequency in both systems and the complex symtomatology, they are showcased to treatment providers. Effectual treatment for this varied population need to address several issues. If compared with single-disorder patients, those with co-occurring sickness have high rates of criminal involvement, recidivism, homelessness, suicide, and frequent psychiatric day care visits, and lower rates of healing and medicine faithfulness (Lehman and Dixon 2016). They are also more expensive for the entire health care system. It might be characterized as an accompanying however random pathologic or, on the other hand ailment handle; the term is normally utilized as a part of the domain of the study of disease transmission in request to demonstrate the concurrence of at least two infection forms. As of late, experts have started to utilize the terms double conclusion and co morbidity reciprocally to allu de to a person with a substance utilize issue and an existing together psychiatric issue. Customers with co-happening issue are trying to the medication and emotional well-being treatment frameworks in view of their commonness in both frameworks furthermore, the complex symtomatology they present to treatment suppliers. Viable treatment for this heterogeneous populace needs in tending to various issues. In contrast with single-issue customers, those with co-happening issue have higher rates of recidivism, criminal inclusion, suicide, and vagrancy, more regular psychiatric hospitalizations, and lower rates of cure and prescription adherence (Pickard and Fazel 2013). They are likewise more exorbitant to the social insurance framework. The high rate of co-morbid substance misuse and passionate infection centers to the prerequisite for a broad approach that recognizes, surveys, and in the meantime treats both dissipates. Patients with co-happening disarrange much of the time show more extraordinary indications than those brought on by either issue alone, underscoring the prerequisite for joined treatment. Vigilant conclusion and checking will help ensure that signs related to prescription misuse (e.g., intoxication, withdrawal) are not stirred up for a discrete mental issue. To be sure, even in people whose comorbidities don't occur at the same time, ask about exhibits that mental issue can assemble vulnerability to coming about medication misuse and that solution mistreat constitutes a peril consider for coming about mental disarranges (Barry et al. 2014). Along these lines, assurance and treatment of one issue will likely decline peril for the other, or if nothing else upgrade its conjecture. The need to make capa ble interventions to treat both conditions at the same time is unequivocally supported by inspect, yet has been difficult to execute eventually in light of the fact that: The therapeutic administrations structures set up to treat substance misuse and passionate affliction are regularly separated, hereafter inefficient. Specialists tend in treating the patients with passionate disorders; while a mix of providers with fluctuating establishments pass on sedate misuse treatment. Some substance misuse curing centers are uneven against using any solutions, including those vital to treat patients with genuine mental issue. Still, behavioral treatment options revamp for a given age assembling or sex have exhibited ensure for treating drug abuse and mental turmoil comorbidities, and research is under way to deal with perceive medicines concentrating on both issue. Clinicians and researchers generally agree on the wide range conclusion and synchronous treatment (pharmacological and behavioral) will provoke better results for patients with comorbid disarranges. The disgrace affixed to substance misuse and mental disarranges consistently ruins early assurance and true blue treatment. More conspicuous understanding coming to fruition due to late legitimate revelations that substance misuse and maladjustment irritate a part of a comparative personality limits will diminish the social disrespect that averts treatment pursuing, quality, and access by patients with either or both conditions (Dols et al. 2014). Individuals who have substance abuse disorder as well as mental sickness are recognized as analyzing for having co-occurring disorders, or dual disorders. This is likewise in some cases called a dual diagnosis. A substance use disorder incorporates Alcohol or drug abuse Alcohol or dependence Drug abuse is determined when substance utilize meddles to have working at work, at school, and in social connections. It is likewise analyzed when substance utilize makes or compounds a medicinal condition or when substance utilize happens in hazardous circumstances. Liquor or drug determination is a more extreme condition than liquor or drug abuse. Notwithstanding confronting more pessimistic results, individuals with reliance have flopped in their endeavors to refrain from or control their utilization of substances. Now and again, physiological reliance may likewise exist, which is shown by uplifted resistance (requiring to a greater extent a substance to get a similar impact) and withdrawal (encountering indications, for example, tremors or sickness when substance utilize has halted). The absolute most regular psychological wellness issue found in artificially subordinate individuals incorporates state of mind and nervousness issue (Crump et al. 2013). A considerably higher rate of individuals with serious emotional sickness additionally has co-happening substance utilize clutters. Called extreme in light of the seriousness and length of scenes of disease, these emotional well-being clutters incorporate schizophrenia and schizoaffective issue. The disorder might occur due to several risk factors. A particularly dynamic domain of co-morbidity research incorporates the search for qualities that may slant individuals to make both propensity and other enthusiastic insecurities, or to have a more genuine peril of a minute issue occurring after the primary appears. It is evaluated that 40-60 percent of an individual's defenselessness to impulse is inferable from innate qualities; the greater part of this shortcoming rises up out of complex collaborations among various qualities and from genetic relationship with biological effects. In any case, qualities can in like manner act round about by altering how an individual responds to push or by enhancing the likelihood of risk taking and interest searching for practices, which could affect the headway of pharmaceutical use issue and other useless practices (Post et al. 2014). A couple of regions of the human genome have been associated with extended peril of both medicine use diffus es and useless conduct, fusing association with more critical weakness to pre-grown-up drug dependence and direct issue. References Barry, C.L., McGinty, E.E., Pescosolido, B.A. and Goldman, H.H., 2014. Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: public views about drug addiction and mental illness.Psychiatric Services,65(10), pp.1269-1272. Brady, S., Hiam, C.M., Saemann, R., Humbert, L., Fleming, M.Z. and Dawkins-Brickhouse, K., 1996. Dual diagnosis: a treatment model for substance abuse and major mental illness.Community mental health journal,32(6), pp.573-578. Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M.A. and Sundquist, J., 2013. Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study.JAMA psychiatry,70(9), pp.931-939. Cuzen, N.L., Stein, D.J., Lochner, C. and Fineberg, N.A., 2014. Comorbidity of obsessivecompulsive disorder and substance use disorder: a new heuristic. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 29(1), pp.89-93. Dols, A., Rhebergen, D., Beekman, A., Kupka, R., Sajatovic, M. and Stek, M.L., 2014. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities: results from a bipolar elderly cohort study.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,22(11), pp.1066-1074. Hilarski, C and Wodarski, J 2008, Comorbid substance abuse and mental illness, Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 1(1), pg. 105-119. Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.U. and Kendler, K.S., 1994. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey.Archives of general psychiatry,51(1), pp.8-19. Lehman, A.F. and Dixon, L. eds., 2016.Double jeopardy: Chronic mental illness and substance use disorders. Routledge. Lembke, A., 2012. Time to abandon the self-medication hypothesis in patients with psychiatric disorders. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(6), pp.524-529. Mariani, J.J., Khantzian, E.J. and Levin, F.R., 2014. The self?medication hypothesis and psychostimulant treatment of cocaine dependence: An update. The American journal on addictions, 23(2), pp.189-193. McCracken, S.G., Holmes, E.P. and Corrigan, P.W., 1998. Cognitive Behavioral Strategies for Persons with Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Problems.Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills,2(2), pp.206-232. Ogloff, J.R., Lemphers, A. and Dwyer, C., 2004. Dual diagnosis in an Australian forensic psychiatric hospital: Prevalence and implications for services. Behavioral Sciences the Law, 22(4), pp.543-562. Pickard, H. and Fazel, S., 2013. Substance abuse as a risk factor for violence in mental illness: some implications for forensic psychiatric practice and clinical ethics.Current opinion in psychiatry,26(4), p.349. Post, R.M., Altshuler, L.L., Leverich, G.S., Frye, M.A., Suppes, T., McElroy, S.L., Keck Jr, P.E., Nolen, W.A., Kupka, R.W., Grunze, H. and Rowe, M., 2014. More medical comorbidities in patients with bipolar disorder from the United States than from the Netherlands and Germany.The Journal of nervous and mental disease,202(4), pp.265-270. Thomson, L., Wilson, J. and Robinson, L., 2009. Predictors of violence in mental illness: the role of substance abuse and associated factors.The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology,20(6), pp.919-927. Torchalla, I., Strehlau, V., Li, K., Aube Linden, I., Noel, F. and Krausz, M., 2014. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder comorbidity in homeless adults: Prevalence, correlates, and sex differences. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 28(2), p.443.

The conventions governing ministerial responsibility Essay Example

The conventions governing ministerial responsibility Paper As we have learnt from out study of conventions, it would be very difficult to track down every convention relevant to ministerial responsibility, as they can be found from a variety of sources, some of which are unwritten. I shall be attempting to examine the most significant conventions, and examining their nature to determine exactly how effective they are. In particular, I shall look at the nature of convention itself to establish criteria on which we can judge the scope and adequacy of the conventions. I shall also examine incompetence and impropriety throughout ministerial departments and the civil service, because as we shall discover shortly, ministers are accountable for more than just their own actions. Conventions are the rules which regulate the day-to-day functioning of the legal constitution, described by some as the rules of constitutional morality. The most important conventions in the constitution are commonly regarded as those which either limit monarchical power or, as is applicable here, regulate the relationship between government and Parliament. The nature of convention is such that some may be well-established and clear, like that which ensures that Parliament meets at least once a year, whereas others are less clear and tend to cause controversy. For a convention to be properly established, it needs to be accepted by those whom it affects. However, a convention is not directly enforceable by law, which is where matters of inadequacy play a part, as we shall discover later on. We will write a custom essay sample on The conventions governing ministerial responsibility specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The conventions governing ministerial responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The conventions governing ministerial responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ministers are members or supporters of the party in power which holds political office, who often have departmental responsibilities for which they are politically responsible to Parliament as individuals. Ministers are thus responsible for their own actions, a concept known as individual responsibility, and are accountable for the actions of their department, and I shall discuss the distinction between the two later on. Ministerial responsibility has been the accepted basis of parliamentary government in Britain since the mid-19th century, along with particular development in the other main aspect of ministerial responsibility collective responsibility. This is the idea that ministers must hold a united front once a cabinet decision has been made, having been given the chance to dissent or resign when the decision itself was being made. It is necessary to outline some of the governmental conventions used regarding ministerial responsibility. The Ministerial Code created in 1945 is the primary source for most of these conventions, which were revised and reissued by Blair in 1997. The principles of ministerial conduct stated in this code include a duty to uphold collective responsibility and a requirement for ministers to account for the activities of their department/agency. More specifically, the code also states that, ministers who knowingly mislead Parliament will be expected to offer their resignation to the Prime Minister, and the word knowingly is of particular significance. Ministers have a duty to be as open as possible with Parliament and the public, refusing information only when disclosure would not be in the public interest. A minister must behave according to the highest standards of constitutional and personal conduct in the performance of their duties. The Carltona Principle also states that if a decision is made on behalf of one of his officials, then that constitutionally is the ministers decision. It is also a duty of a minister to send civil servants under him to select committees for questioning, if they are called upon. However, in most cases, civil servants are not responsible for their actions and decisions, unless powers have been formally delegated from a minister. Despite the apparently clear nature of these conventions, the system of ministerial responsibility has been shown by many to be an insufficient means of scrutinising government, and ways of breaking these conventions, or amending them to suit circumstances have exposed their uncertainty and inadequacy. If we examine some of the conventions that I listed, we can show how each of them has failed in their duty to govern ministerial responsibility. I outlined that ministers have a duty to account for their departments, but there is a growing accountability gap which is allowing ministers to distance themselves from the traditional full accountability for their department. Prison difficulties in 1995 exposed this issue, when the chief executive of the Prison Service was dismissed following review of prison security, which showed problems traceable to the prison service headquarters. The Home Secretary, Michael Howard denied that any policy of his caused the problems, and refused to take responsibility for his agencys failures. The fact that a minister actually has the freedom to do this exposes the clear inadequacy of the convention in safeguarding against ministerial impropriety, which saw a member of the civil service take responsibility for the issue without much political tumult from the rest of the government. Even if Howard wasnt at fault, the convention has no means of testing or ensuring that, nor of actively stopping a minister from relinquishing responsibility for a departmental error. The Scott Report 1996 is full of examples of ministers deliberately holding back information, refusing to answer questions and providing inadequate responses to questions. The whole arms to Iraq issue exposed problems within the conventions of ministerial responsibility, particularly in defining who was accountable, and in extracting necessary information from officials. It can be argued that those ministers who did not account for their actions for reasons of commercial confidentiality, or in the public interest, were not fulfilling their ministerial duty, particularly in knowingly misleading Parliament. Scott specifically stated that British Governments act as though they are the state, and regularly confuse the public interest with their own governmental convenience. Even though the government narrowly avoided being implicated for a cover-up by surviving a parliamentary debate by one vote, convention was shown to insufficiently prevent ministerial misconduct. I find that the usage of the confidentiality excuse was particularly barren, as it contradicted UK policy to publish details of certain arms exports in the UN Arms Register, itself an initiative of John Major. As Lewis and Longley identify, there was no reason why the ministers could not have at least provided details regarding the nature and quantity of arms involved, even if commercial confidentiality had to be maintained. In general, conventions regarding avoidance of answering questions are completely deficient in preventing the avoidance of politically fragile issues out of convenience. The democratic process is totally undermined by the inability to scrutinise government, and prevent such indirectness. Another issue brought up by the report was the prevention of the select committee from questioning key civil servants who had retired. These civil servants would have provided valuable information to the inquiry, but convention held that they could not be questioned. Inadequate safeguarding against ministerial errors is yet again exposed, as this convention acts as yet another means of shielding ministers (and departments) from taking responsibility for their actions. On the whole, the Scott Report exposed a general assumption of executive dominance over Parliament, prioritising government policy over law, and depicting the conventions as open to discretion and highly ambiguous. It is outlined in convention that ministers should maintain the highest standards of constitutional and personal conduct, yet the nature of ministerial responsibility has been shown to be such that the upholding of this convention is also unnecessary. The government almost always backs any minister that is facing an enquiry, using its majority in the House of Commons, if opposition attempts to table a motion of censure to try and employ some means of governmental scrutiny. Thus another convention is shown to be empty and easy to bypass by government shielding of its own. I have discussed the inadequacy of these conventions in some depth, but further examination of the uncertainty of the scope of some of these conventions is also required. I outlined a duty to uphold collective responsibility. However, from examples such as dissent regarding implementation of a 10% tariff in the economic crisis of 1932, and the unwillingness to continue membership of the European Communities in 1974, an alternative option was given to ministers whereby it was not necessary for ministers to resign, known as agreement to differ. In the first example, the option for completely open dissent was given, but in the second example, only dissent outside of Parliament was permitted. It appears from these examples that departure from convention governing ministerial responsibility is permissible when it suits the Cabinet, undermining the nature of the convention itself. Also, as outward cabinet unity (regarded by many as the main reason for collective responsibility) has been sacrificed in any case by allowing open dissent, why should different levels of outward dissent be permitted in different circumstances? The scope of convention is shown to be uncertain here, as well as the extent to which the convention should apply, and when agreement to differ, should be permitted. The whole responsibility vs. ccountability debate shows further uncertainty as to how far convention actually applies. Theoretically, a minister is accountable for all that happens in his department, but my example of the Home Secretary in 1995 showed weakness in this convention. The real problems arise when there is genuine uncertainty as to who is responsible for a policy. The uncertain nature of this convention allows a minister to avoid taking responsibility for a decision made in his department, but similarly, a civil servant can also avoid this responsibility, as he isnt expected to know enough to make sufficiently educated decisions. There is also continuing debate regarding how far a minister is responsible for maladministration of power if a civil servant below him makes a mistake, and the circumstances in which a minister should have to resign. Clearly convention does not hold the answer to these questions, as the answers depend on the political atmosphere in which the issue has occurred, so convention can be shown to be uncertain in providing safeguards against relinquishment of ministerial responsibilities. I have based my argument on criticism of the conventions governing ministerial responsibility. However, there are aspects of convention which could be called creditable, and show why the system of convention has lasted so long. One good thing about this system is that it has allowed power to theoretically remain in the hands of the electorate, so that ministers can share out policy-making and administrative authority, rather than having it concentrated in the hands of the monarch. This in turn makes it relatively easier to scrutinise these spread powers. Although the idea of absolute control of political behaviour through collective responsibility is debatably a dangerous idea, it also has positive aspects in showing the party to be uniform in policy and ideas, working together for the good of the people, and also helps to contain public disagreement between departments, which would otherwise present the view of a dysfunctional government. Also, when I discussed the nature of agreement to differ, although my point was that it contravened convention, I do believe that the actual concept itself is positive, and should be more clearly incorporated into the convention itself. I have emphasised throughout the essay that the civil service are able to avoid taking responsibility for many of their actions, but ministers do have the power to dismiss civil servants for maladministration or other major errors, so they are not completely free from responsibility. The courts can also get involved in issues of ministerial responsibility where necessary, although their power is limited to compensation and other similar judgements, rather than amendments to problems cemented by the nature of ministerial responsibility. I must also stress that in criticising the conventions governing ministerial responsibility, I am not necessarily discrediting the convention system as a whole; rather I am identifying that the current conventions that we have are vague, uncertain and inadequate at preventing ministerial incompetence and impropriety. It must still be noted that conventions remain an effective way of keeping the constitution up to date regarding contemporary political values. I also commented on how convention is not actually legally enforceable. However, as Dicey argues, breaking of many conventions can in fact still lead to involvement of the courts, as convention and law in our constitution are so intertwined that breaking one will very often require breaking of the other. In a survey, Mancuso stated that whatever is not expressly forbidden is tacitly permitted. In this summary of the nature of convention, Mancuso highlights what I think is the main problem with our current conventions governing ministerial responsibility. The conventions are too vague and open to interpretation, and as a result, it is impossible for the convention system to effectively scrutinise government. Clearer definitions need to be made of the conventions, possibly using legislation as well, so that proper safeguards against ministerial (and departmental) incompetence and impropriety can be imposed. Once these conventions are amended, it will be much easier to make specific changes to the administration, such as creating a policy register so that blame and responsibility can be effectively administered, and changing circumstances in which ministers can avoid answering questions when subject to select committee review.