tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31502492722831695032024-02-08T12:28:05.770-08:00Lined writing paperThe Best Topic For College Essayellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-28739852026239701962020-08-26T04:32:00.001-07:002020-08-26T04:32:06.674-07:00The Study Of Motivation In Sport Physical Education EssayThe Study Of Motivation In Sport Physical Education Essay This audited research is on inspiration in sport. An assortment of definitions and ways to deal with the investigation inspiration will be examined. One of the types of inspiration being examined will be inherent and extraneous inspiration. Inherent inspirations are significant for advancing fulfillment and long haul support in sport. There are three hypothetical ways to deal with the investigation of characteristic inspiration: social, psychological, and persuasive. Scientists have discovered that the natural inspiration of competitors appears to be critical for long haul contribution, and calibrated execution in sport. Extraneous inspiration alludes to inspiration that originates from outside a person. The propelling components are outer, or outside, prizes, for example, cash or evaluations. These prizes give fulfillment and joy that the assignment itself may not give. Another type of inspiration has to do with sex. Explores have verified that there are inspirational contrasts amon g male and female games. Its likewise been resolved that male and female competitors have various qualities and shortcomings inside the persuasive atmosphere. Some point by point contrasts expressed were that men had more elevated levels of inspiration in rivalry, social affirmation, quality and perseverance, where ladies had more grounded inspiration to control weight. The last factor I will cover is social impact on inspiration. Prologue to your Research Topic Deci, et al. (1999) express that natural inspiration can likewise be upgraded by expanding a people view of independence and ability. Deci, et al. (1999) additionally demonstrated that examination bolstered the possibility that extraneous inspirations sway on inborn inspiration was affected by the controlling idea of those outward rewards. For example, positive criticism that isn't viewed as controlling would probably add to a people apparent capability and positively affect their inborn inspiration. Vallerand (2000) takes a gander at inspiration in a multidimensional way that envelops more than the polarity of inborn and extraneous inspiration. He expresses that inspiration for both is on a continuum that ranges from a high to low level of assurance and that works on three particular levels: worldwide (ones in general inspiration), logical (in a particular area or field, for example, instruction or sports), and situational (the present time and place). At every one of these levels people can have diverse inspiration levels (both inborn and outward). For instance, one could be exceptionally inherently persuaded to partake in sports, yet less naturally roused with respect to training (logical). In any case, if an individual is feeling sick or tired, they might not have the equivalent characteristic inspiration to partake in sports exercises that day (situational). Extraneous prizes could be applied to both and affect situational inspiration in both the short and long haul. For instance, that individual may be profoundly energetic to excel on a test and get a passing mark (extraneous inspiration) so they can be qualified to play on their games group (natural inspiration). Vallerand (2000) proposes that rehashed d egrees of low degrees of situational natural inspiration will probably have a reducing impact on the bigger logical natural inspiration. He features research done on inspiration to play ball where characteristic persuasive levels were influenced by situational persuasive levels during competition games. This examination has numerous ramifications for associations and instructive circumstances. While understanding that outward inspiration is one of the fundamental drivers of the business world, remuneration and other impetus bundles need to address their effect on characteristic inspiration and be created in manners that will decrease the unfavorable effects or conceivably even add to the natural persuasive levels. More examination on genuine circumstances would be valuable. Foundation of the Research Topic Inspiration in sports and exercise has been concentrated throughout the only remaining century yet just in ongoing decades has inspiration by sexual orientation been broke down. concentrates in the territory of inspiration by sexual orientation in these games and exercise fields: individual and group activities and exercise, hand to hand fighting, b-ball, volleyball, olympic style events, and general games investment and exercise (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). These outcomes were the most predictable all through the reports with different likenesses and contrasts noted with each examination. Natural and outward inspiration are both versatile and change in light of explicit circumstances and life events. While difficult to characterize, natural inspiration can be portrayed as an inside drive to play out a movement. While outward inspiration is attributed to an outside propelling source that drives activity. It is proposed that individuals ascribe their conduct either to an interior or outer source. Natural inspiration associates decidedly to when individuals characteristic their inspiration to inner sources, while outward inspiration is associated to confidence in an outer hotspot for their conduct (Wiersma, U. J., 1992). Extraneous inspiration, by definition, is variable since it is an outer help one can change the prize or outside source (for example measure of cash extended to do an employment opportunity, input on execution, and so on.). Meta-examination of inborn and outward persuasive exploration by Deci, Koestner and Ryan (1999) found that inherent inspiration is adversely influenced when unmistakable extraneous inspiration is joined to the conduct. This sabotaging of inborn inspiration is hypothesized to be the aftereffect of an apparent decline in self-sufficiency and competency by the individual getting the extraneous prize. Self-assurance Theory expresses that people have three inalienable needs: self-governance, ability, and relatedness. Of these, self-sufficiency and skill are the primary drivers of inborn inspiration (Franken, 2002). Therefore we see that natural inspiration can be changed by including an extraneous persuading segment. Inspiration is an essential factor inside the game and exercise field. Getting what and how inspiration functions is similarly significant. In light of these surveys sexual orientation likewise assumes a job inside the inspirational atmosphere. Studies have uncovered varieties in inspirational factors inside every sexual orientation. In Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, and Li-Kangs diary 87 male and 87 female b-ball players from the HBL were chosen for the exploration. Four exploration surveys were utilized to quantify four marvels: members objective direction, the persuasive atmosphere they saw, saw individual athletic capacity, saw individual game related certainty (Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, Li-Kang,2003). Utilizing a t test sex contrasts were recognized. Guys would in general record higher scores than females for sports related certainty factors. Guys scored higher inside personality direction, saw capacity, and in physical execution. Females would in general score higher in task direction , saw task atmosphere, and initiative styles (Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, Li-Kang,2003).â Various examinations have analyzed the topic of whether there are contrasts in youth thought processes across sports, age, sexual orientation, and culture and propose that youngsters or teenagers are dependent upon the ecological impacts in their inspiration to take an interest in certain physical exercises. In this manner, researching the assorted varieties in inspiration of support may reveal insight into the basic reasons of why kids or teenagers participate in different types of physical action or sports. Effect on sports Sex: In Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomews study 233 understudies were examined, 132 ladies, 101 men. The reason behind this examination was to analyze sports interest and exercise inspiration through a profoundly separated size of physical action. The subsequent goal was to explore the effect of sexual orientation on inspiration. This examination verified that men were all the more exceptionally energetic then ladies when it arrived at perseverance and quality, social acknowledgment, challenge, and most outstandingly rivalry, where ladies were increasingly persuaded by weight the executives (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). It was additionally recommended in this investigation that inspirations to take part in sports contrasted from sparks to participate in work out. It was likewise noticed that a greater amount of the wellbeing related intentions were connected to practice contradicted to sports interest consequently showing that sports cooperation are all the more firmly identifie d with characteristic thought processes. It was recommended that dependent on these discoveries that men inclined all the more near inborn inspiration then ladies. This examination further inferred that men saw exercise and wellness open doors as a way to accomplish self image related objectives that help their games cooperation where as ladies appeared to appreciate exercise and sports support similarly (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). In Murcia, Gimeno, and Colls study 413 competitors finished an apparent persuasive atmosphere in sports poll. The example was contained 322 young men and 91 young ladies, sports included individual and group activities. This examination utilized the MANOVA to break down the impacts of sexual orientation, objective directions, and impression of inspirational atmosphere and its stream. The discoveries indicated that guys had a more grounded self image direction that all the more explicitly included discipline for mistakes at that point did females. Females were progressively disposed to distinguish a persuasive atmosphere orientated towards learning (Murcia, Gimeno, and Coll,2008). In Jones, Mackay, and Peters diary 17,463 members took an interest in a survey. This investigation contrasted from the others in this survey. It noticed no huge sex contrasts, it additionally noticed that the four most significant inspirations for both male and females were connection, wellness, aptitude advancement, and kinship, this contradicted to the three least powerful sparks which were reward/status, situational, and co ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-8997511228896470002020-08-22T06:58:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:58:23.285-07:00The Ethics Of Outsourcing At MattelMoreover, this article will address how corporate culture assumed a job in the choice to re-appropriate the assembling procedure to offices, which were not observing lawful guidelines. Watchwords Matter, corporate culture, morals, Fraud, item wellbeing. Harden Classification MIM. BRB/BRB/Introduction/Corporate culture is characterized as the mutual qualities and/convictions of people inside an association (Statistics/and Satanist, 2009). Corporate culture is a significant/length colleague/acknowledgments to inspect when scientists endeavor to clarify dishonest conduct inside an organization.Previous look into in the territory has essentially centered around the positive perspectives culture that is identified with firm execution (Deal and Kennedy, 1982 Peters and Waterman, 1982 Dimension, 990). It is additionally critical to considerer/BRB/that the corporate culture can have negative effect handle/a firestorms tasks if the way of life bolsters deceptive and/criminal operations. This investigation looks at how one organization, Matter, built up a culture which permitted the unscrupulous and illicit activities of its providers to adversely influence its tasks. R/BRB/focused uniquely on the low cost of creation of the Chinese providers. By permitting the quality norms to drop to conceivably hazardous levels, Matter manageress/concentrated distinctly on their own personal circumstances since their/container cohort/spermatozoon was legitimately connected to the money related execution of Matter. Along these lines, Matter directors disregarded potential wellbeing issues with the creation of the toys in China since lower levels of creation sphere/BRB/greater expenses per unit would have an immediate effect handle/their all out degree of salary for the year.As an outcome, Tiber/doesn't make a difference whether the absence of value controls/were conscious or not. Since Amateurism's name goes handle/the last item, its directors were responsible forbs/the activities of t heir providers (Hegiras and Sims, pay off/Shanghaiing and Vital, 1990 Granite, 2003). BRB/1. The principal review of toys/In 2006, 75 percent of all toys produced overall originated from China. Inside China, one region, Gudgeon, is the area of 5,000 of Chinaware's 8,BRB/length schoolmate/Spartan assembling plants.It is assessed that 1. 5 million specialists are utilized in Gudgeon toys make (McLeod, 2006). Matter makes around 65 percent of its toys there. The partnership states tabor/BRB/it requests that the toys that are re-appropriated to other/makers must conform to the security measures/set up by Matter. Crude materials that would brew/utilized by a redistributed producer are first sent Toby/the Matter control office so as to check they matter/all security standards.Matter has been fabricating innate/China since the first Barbie was made there in 1 959. BRB/The organization has built up various longer/standing associations with China manufacturers,BRB/which may have lead to prog ressively loosened up observing and/control of its activities (Story, 2007). Furthermore,BRB/Matter was a significant client for these providers, so Tiber/ought to have total authority over the assembling/break as it identifies with the degree of value and consistence with government guidelines and standards.However, Amateurism's top level chiefs appeared to lager/BRB/On August 1, 2007, Matter needed to review right around 1. BRB/million toys that were made in China. More than 80 toys/contained possibly risky degrees of lead in thebe/paint on the toys. Quite a while provider of Matter had/range cohort/punished non-endorsed paint shade which disregarded Amateurism's and the toy productively principles (Bugaboos, 2007). On August 2, 2007, Matter gave a public statement where it clarified its course f activity to address the problem.Matter worked with the U. S. Shopper Product Safety Commission and other administrative organizations around the globe to pull the toys off the racks and e nd the conveyance of any toy that contained the unsuitable degrees of lead. Robert Cocker, Chairman and CEO expressed that liquored apologize to everybody influenced by this review, particularly the individuals who purchased the toys in questioningly understand that guardians/BRB/trust us with what is generally valuable to environmentally/kids. What's more, we additionally perceive that trust is earned. R/we will likely address this issue, improve circle/yester and keep up the trust of the families tabor/have permitted us to be a piece of their lives by acting/dependably and rapidly to address their conquistadors/(Matter, 2007). BRB/Sarah D. Satanist, Peter A Satanist, 2010. BRB/This review was regardless of the way that Matter was rabbet/of the potential lead danger in any event a month earlier,BRB/BRB/Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 8, Issue 4, 201 For/BRB/when one of the European retailers that sold Matter/items toward the beginning of July found lead in a portion of its/toys.On July 6, 2007 Matter halted creation intrinsic/he manufacturing plant, which they accept was the starting point of thebe/lead paint. Remarking on the provider utilizing thebe/lead paint, CEO Chart expressed this was a provider which had worked for Matter for 1 5 years and lectureships question someone that just begun making toys/length colleague/support crawled comprehend our guidelines, they comprehend our program, and something turned out badly. That Herodotus. It is a necessity built up by Matter that those re-appropriated plants making Matter toys must utilize paint and other material from guaranteed suppliers.As an outcome, Matter was uncertain about whether the producer bustiest paint from bar/BRB/provider who was not affirmed or whether the pioneer/paint originated from a confirmed provider. In 2007, BRB/percent of Amateurism's all out incomes were based handle/the toys that were fabricated in their 11 plants in China which they possessed and worked (Story, AAA ). BRB/2. Why lead painter/Lead is added to paint so as to expand thebe/length cohort/punished in which the paint dries, to build the solidness of the paint and to upgrade the capacity of the paint to oppose dampness which could cause erosion (Wisped).Lead paint is likewise simpler to apply on hard reface and can deliver a more extravagant/BRB/shading than paint without lead. The net outcome is tabor/lead improves how the paint is utilized in the creation procedure, however the lead isn't permitted to be added to the paints. Accordingly, paint in which pioneer/has been included is sold ATA Custodianship's cost of ennobler/third of the expense of paint that does exclude pioneer/(Barbara, 2007). BRB/Matter had permitted the neighborhood providers to actualize their own wellbeing testing which brought about the delivery of corrupted toys from the industrial facilities in China/to kids around the world.The providers had/dashed to utilize less expensive paint which contained pioneer/to l essen fabricating costs. The provider tabor/made the toy Lee Deer Industrial Company was/explored by the Chinese Government for its/job in the utilization of polluted paint. The provider expressed/that it was cheated by its own paint provider, challenge/sold Lee Deer Industrial the paint which included/the lead. Lee Deer Industrial guaranteed that they were/not mindful that the paint was debased shrivel/range cohort/radiant (Zamias and Casey, 2007).The Chinese government restricted Lee Deer Industrial from sending out any more toys until a full examination was finished. The net outcome was that Lee Deer Industrial needed to stop its tasks, which prompted the self destruction offer/BRB/its originator Ghana Shogun. Awkwardness' reaction in bar/official statement to the self destruction was that liquored were/BRB/upset to catch wind of this grievous encephalitis is bar/individual hardship not a corporate occasion. Any misfortunes/of life is a disaster and we feel for the family during/ this troublesome faint (Cody and Joe, 2007). BRB/3.The second review/On August 14, 2007, Matter gave a second major/review of toys produced in China. The supported/call incorporate extra toys made with paint sullied with lead just as a large number of different toys which have magnets which could turn out to be free and/could be gulped by youngsters. An expected/436,000 toys were being reviewed because of lead painter/An extra 18. 2 million attractive toys were being/reviewed after revealed wounds and passing of kids/range colleague/Spanish had gulped the magnets after they had gotten free from the toy.Matter expressed that the attractive toy review included 63 distinctive fluctuates of toys including such notable brand names as Pillory/Pocket, Batman, and Barbie. The lead paint reviewed/toys included brand names, for example, the characters offer/Sesame Street, Dora the Explorer and Disingenuous Carobs/(Story and Barbara, 2007). The senior VP of overall quality confirmation at Matt er, Jim Walter, expressed that Matter had ldquostrengthenedrdquo its/three-point check quality framework to guarantee that toys/with lead would not enter the marketplace.Thebe/three point framework incorporates checking that lone ensured providers of paint will be utilized to fabricate the toys, a required testing of each cluster of toys/created, the fixing of value controls including irregular investigations during the assembling procedure and the testing of each creation run offer/finished toys (Barbara and Story, 2007). As was/the case with the primary review, a subcontractor was/used to gracefully the paint to Amateurism's contractual worker inalienable/China.Hong Lie Dad provided the paint to Early/Light Industrial which didn't know that the painter/had been debased with lead. Early Light had/been a contractual worker for Matter for a long time. Matter/had utilized somewhere in the range of 30 and 50 contractual workers in China/and many subcontracted out piece of the creation/ procedure to a subcontractor. Lee Deer, the contractual worker/of the first Matter review lost its permit to trade and therefore left business (Story and Barbara, 2007). Lee ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-67138493975370774152020-08-14T07:37:00.001-07:002020-08-14T07:37:02.897-07:00Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills If it is time for you to get writingâ"whether it is a research essay, lab report, resume, or even just an emailâ"the task can bring unnecessary anxiety into your life. It is not uncommon for individuals to agonize over choosing the right word or to worry whether they put the comma in the right place. Is my thesis clear? Will I meet the deadline? What is a semi-colon even for? The fact that you recognize these problems and ask these questions means that getting it right matters to you. You could be a high-school student trying to come to terms with proper grammar or a seasoned writer, but we all lack confidence in our skills from time to time. Writing is intimidating and challenging but not impossible. Donât let uncertainty cripple you from making an attempt to get your ideas down. What you have to say matters! There are many great resources available, in print and online. Picking up a basic grammar or style guide are great references for solving simple or complex problems, and there are plenty of podcasts and blogs with tips on how to improve your writing. If you are in university, check out what your campus has to offerâ"tutoring services and writing centres provide one-on-one sessions, tutorials, and editing services. Your writing will benefit greatly from any of these types of personal attention. Of course, one of the best pieces of advice to gain confidence in your writing is to just write. Get your initial ideas down in whatever form they come to youâ"even just simple jot notes are a great beginning. Once you have the bare bones of what you want to say, it is much easier to craft them into actual sentences and paragraphs. Before you know it, a piece of cohesive writing will appear! When you have a draft ready but know that it is not yet suitable for final submission, it is a good time to let someone else take the reins. The writers at Homework Help Canada provide editing and proofreading services and can offer great advice on how to write better papers; you can learn about the essay writing process, organization, time management, and tips on how to improve your writing. Those rudimentary ideas you jot down will benefit from careful revision so that you can be confident that your ideas are polished, clear, and effective. Your writing will improve the more you take advantage of our expert services; we are confident that you will reach academic and professional success by reaching out to us. References: Amazon.com (2015). Amazon Best Sellers: Best Grammar Reference. Retrieved August 23, 2015, from 11981 Hale, Ali. (2014). Retrieved August 23, 2015, from Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills If it is time for you to get writingâ"whether it is a research essay, lab report, resume, or even just an emailâ"the task can bring unnecessary anxiety into your life. It is not uncommon for individuals to agonize over choosing the right word or to worry whether they put the comma in the right place. Is my thesis clear? Will I meet the deadline? What is a semi-colon even for? The fact that you recognize these problems and ask these questions means that getting it right matters to you. You could be a high-school student trying to come to terms with proper grammar or a seasoned writer, but we all lack confidence in our skills from time to time. Writing is intimidating and challenging but not impossible. Donât let uncertainty cripple you from making an attempt to get your ideas down. What you have to say matters! There are many great resources available, in print and online. Picking up a basic grammar or style guide are great references for solving simple or complex problems, and there are plenty of podcasts and blogs with tips on how to improve your writing. If you are in university, check out what your campus has to offerâ"tutoring services and writing centres provide one-on-one sessions, tutorials, and editing services. Your writing will benefit greatly from any of these types of personal attention. Of course, one of the best pieces of advice to gain confidence in your writing is to just write. Get your initial ideas down in whatever form they come to youâ"even just simple jot notes are a great beginning. Once you have the bare bones of what you want to say, it is much easier to craft them into actual sentences and paragraphs. Before you know it, a piece of cohesive writing will appear! When you have a draft ready but know that it is not yet suitable for final submission, it is a good time to let someone else take the reins. The writers at Homework Help USA provide editing and proofreading services and can offer great advice on how to write better papers; you can learn about the essay writing process, organization, time management, and tips on how to improve your writing. Those rudimentary ideas you jot down will benefit from careful revision so that you can be confident that your ideas are polished, clear, and effective. Your writing will improve the more you take advantage of our expert services; we are confident that you will reach academic and professional success by reaching out to us. References: Amazon.com (2015). Amazon Best Sellers: Best Grammar Reference. Retrieved August 23, 2015, from 11981 Hale, Ali. (2014). Retrieved August 23, 2015, from ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-70779617081622947222020-05-24T00:46:00.001-07:002020-05-24T00:46:03.309-07:00Intergenerational Cultural Dissonance - 2449 Words Cognitive Dissonance Intergenerational Cultural Dissonance Everyone remembers fighting with their parents at some point in their life, whether as a young child who wants a toy or as a teenager who isnââ¬â¢t allowed to go out. Itââ¬â¢s normal to want to challenge authority when growing up, because it helps young people to make their own decisions and become individuals. Teenagers rely on few close friends and the last people expected to be confidants are their parents. As a Filipino-American and a child of immigrant parents, the consequences of my rebellion are much more serious than for a child of American-born parents. My parents raised me as if I was growing up in the Philippines. The values and practices they had were completely differentâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This tension causes the individual to change their attitude to match their behavior or change the behavior to match the attitude. Festinger believed when people act in a way which is contrary to the beliefs that are held, they have a tendency to change their beliefs to match their actions. (Zajonc) After further research outside of class time, Iââ¬â¢ve come to the conclusion that Iââ¬â¢ve been suffering from intergenerational cultural dissonance or intergenerational cultural conflict. ICD (intergenerational cultural dissonance) is, family conflict due to the cultural dissonance that emerges between generations. Asian immigrant families try to retain their native cultural val ues and teach them to their children all whilst their children start to learn the american culture. As asian american children acculturate into american society at a faster rate as their parents, they (the children) become burdened by taking the conflicting norms of their parents native culture. (Yang) The United States is a melting pot for people of all cultures. According to the US Census, immigrants make up almost 12% of the population of the United States and their children make up 20%, meaning that one-fifth of Americans may potentially experience intergenerational cultural dissonance, also known as the parent-child conflict between an immigrant and their America-born child. TheShow MoreRelatedDeviance And Crime And Deviance1623 Words à |à 7 PagesT. W., 2008). This is due to the intergenerational dissonance that can occur when a parent immigrates to the states and their values conflict with their American born children; usually, this dissonance can create problem behavior in the child to act out and become more deviant. Although Iââ¬â¢ve stated before that I have distinct myself from some of my parentââ¬â¢s beliefs, I have not abandoned my Vietnamese culture altogether. If I did, I fear that because ââ¬Å"both cultural discrepancy and parent-child conflictRead MoreI mmigrant Advantage On Academic Achievement And Mental Health Essay1959 Words à |à 8 Pagesthe change process that occurs with cross-cultural contact, often occurring in immigrant families with identity, behavior, and language. As immigrant families migrate from their origin areas, more intergenerational disagreement is found in contrast with native-borns. Immigrant children experience acculturation through direct contact with the new culture through their environments, often at a different pace than their parents which causes cognitive dissonance. Another possibility is when parent of immigrantRead MoreConsumer Behavior Study Notes7882 Words à |à 32 Pagesaffiliation Motivational Conflicts Valence: a goal can be either positive or negative Approach-approach conflict * choice between two desirable alternatives i.e. go home for holidays to see family or ski with friends Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: when picking between two products and one is selected, inherently youll lose on the benefits of the other and gain the negatives of the one chosen. People will start to rationalize their purchase, as a marketer, you can aid this conflict by bundlingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 PagesBarriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 â⬠¢ Selective Perception 353 â⬠¢ Information Overload 353 â⬠¢ Emotions 353 â⬠¢ Language 354 â⬠¢ Silence 354 â⬠¢ Communication Apprehension 355 â⬠¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 Cultural Barriers 356 â⬠¢ Cultural Context 357 â⬠¢ A Cultural Guide 358 Summary and Implications for Managers 360 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Am I a Gossip? 336 An Ethical Choice The Ethics of Gossip at Work 345 Myth or Science? ââ¬Å"We Know What Makes Good Liars Goodâ⬠ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-16821095875345877832020-05-13T00:49:00.001-07:002020-05-13T00:49:03.667-07:00William Howard Taft Fast Facts - 27th US President William Howard Taft (1857 - 1930) served as Americas twenty-seventh president. He was known for the concept of Dollar Diplomacy. He was also the only president to become a Supreme Court Justice, being appointed Chief Justice in 1921 by President Warren G. Harding.à Here is a quick list of fast facts for William Howard Taft. For more in depth information, you can also read the William Howard Taft Biography Birth: September 15, 1857 Death: March 8, 1930 Term of Office: March 4, 1909-March 3, 1913 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term First Lady: Helen Nellie HerronChart of the First Ladies William Howard Taft Quote: The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse. This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims. Major Events While in Office: Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)Sixteenth Amendment Ratified (1913)Dollar DiplomacyAntitrust Policy States Entering Union While in Office: New Mexico (1912)Arizona (1912) Related William Howard Taft Resources: These additional resources on William Howard Taft can provide you with further information about the president and his times. William Howard Taft BiographyTake a more in depth look at the twenty-seventh president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Territories of the United StatesHere is a chart presenting the territories of the United States, their capitals, and the years they were acquired. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: Theodore RooseveltWoodrow WilsonList of American Presidents ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-83903969713660609672020-05-06T13:08:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:08:28.130-07:00Emerging Economies Free Essays string(55) " the growth prospects of these economies are striking\." Business Development in Emerging Economies Business Development in Emerging Economies Coursework Coursework Contents A. In your opinion, what is the future of emerging economies? Support your answer with relevant evidence. (2000 words)3 Introduction4 What are emerging economies4 Future of emerging economies5 Microeconomic approach6 Long-term economic perspectives7 The ââ¬Å"Euroâ⬠perspective8 Facts about the future9 Forecast11 Opinion12 Risks for emerging markets12 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Emerging Economies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Critically discuss the factors driving the growth of emerging MNEs. Use relevant company and country examples. 500 words)14 What are MNEs (Multinational Enterprises)15 Facts about MNEs15 C. How formidable is the competition posed by emerging markets MNEââ¬â¢s to the ââ¬Å"Westernâ⬠companies? Could it be country- or/and sector-specific? (500 words)18 References21 Business Development in Emerging Economies Coursework Submission A. In your opinion, what is the future of emerging economies? Support your answer with relevant evidence. (2000 words) B. Critically discuss the factors driving the growth of emerging MNEs. Use relevant company and country examples. (500 words) C. How formidable is the competition posed by emerging markets MNEââ¬â¢s to the ââ¬Å"Westernâ⬠companies? Could it be country- or/and sector-specific? (500 words) A. In your opinion, what is the future of emerging economies? Support your answer with relevant evidence. (2000 words) Introduction What are emerging economies The emerging markets story began almost thirty years ago. In the mid-1980s, developed economies started on a debt-fueled consumer spending binge that lasted more than two decades. This provided an incredible opportunity for developing economies. So, emerging markets or emerging economies are nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The seven largest emerging and developing economies by either nominal Gross Domestic Product or GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) are China, Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey. Some characteristics that define an economy as emerging are the following: * Intermediate income: its PPP per capital income is comprised between 10 % and 75 % of the average EU per capital income. Catching-up growth: during at least the last decade, it has experienced a brisk economic growth that has narrowed the income gap with advanced economies. * Institutional transformations and economic opening: during the same period, it has undertaken profound institutional transformations which contributed to integrate it more deeply into the world economy. Hence, emerging economies appears to be a by-product of the current globalization. Emerging markets are soug ht by investors for the prospect of high returns, as they often experience faster economic growth as measured by GDP. Investments in emerging markets come with much greater risk due to political instability, domestic infrastructure problems, currency volatility and limited equity opportunities (many large companies may still be ââ¬Å"state-runâ⬠or private). Also, local stock exchanges may not offer liquid markets for outside investors. These countries do not share any common agenda, so there are various lists of emerging markets, developed by various analysts such as The Economist, the International Monetary Fund, Dow Jones etc.. If we had to make a summary list it would be the following: Afghanistan| à Estonia| à Lithuania| à Qatar| à Sudan| à Argentina| à Hong Kong| à Malaysia| à Romania| à Taiwan| à Bahrain| à Hungary| à Mauritius| à Russia| à Thailand| à Bangladesh| à India| à Mexico| à Saudi Arabia| à Turkey| à Brazil| à Indonesia| à Morocco| à Singapore| à Tunisia| à Bulgaria| à Iran| à Nigeria| à Slovakia| à UAE| Chile| à Israel| à Oman| à Slovenia| à Ukraine| China| à Jordan| à Pakistan| à South Africa| à Venezuela| à Colombia| à Kuwait| à Peru| à Sri Lanka| à Vietnam| Czech Republic| à Latvia| à Philippines| à South Korea| à Sudan| à Egypt| à Estonia| à Poland| à Qatar| à Taiwan| Future of emerging economies In the past decade emerging markets have established themselves as the worldââ¬â¢s best sprinters. As serial crises tripped up America and then Europe, China barely broke stride. Other big developing nations paused for breath only briefly. Investors bet that rapid growth in emerging markets was the new normal, while leaders from Beijing to Brazil lectured the world on the virtues of their state-centric economic models. More than 80% of the worldââ¬â¢s population lives in countries with emerging economies. As we can see in Figure 1, the share of emerging markets in global output has increased from below 20% in the early 90ââ¬â¢s, to more than 30% today. Considering the cost of living differences, the share of emerging economies in world GDP already exceeds 45%, which is 13 percentage points higher than in the early 90ââ¬â¢s. According to the International Monetary Fundââ¬â¢s (IMF), World Economic Outlook, this share will exceed 50% in 2013. Figure [ 1 ]: Share of emerging economies in world GDP in recent periods While these economies are already large, they keep growing strongly. Growth in emerging economies and increased resistance to economic and financial shocks mean good news for the global economy, which can definitely rely on the dynamism of emerging economies more than it did in the past. The residents of emerging economiesââ¬â¢ countries benefited a lot from this rapid growth, as it led to rising living standards. During the period 2000-2009, the per capita GDP in these countries increased by more than 70%. The integration of emerging economies in world markets for goods and services happened smoothly. Regarding global exports of goods and services, the share of emerging economies almost doubled between the early 90ââ¬â¢s and 2010, reaching 35%. Microeconomic approach The most important role of the emerging economies and reflected at the micro level. Specifically, six of the 25 largest companies in the world, for example, in terms of market value come from emerging markets. These companies are listed below, according to Global 2000 list for 2012, an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by Forbes magazine. The ranking is based on a mix of four metrics: sales, profit, assets and market value. Rank| Company| Headquarters| Industry| Profits (billion $)| Assets (billion $)| Market Value (billion $)| 05| Industrial and Commercial Bank of China| à China| Banking| 25. 1| 2,039. 1| 237. 4| 07| PetroChina| à China| Oil and gas| 20. | 304. 7| 294. 7| 10| Petrobras| à Brazil| Oil and gas| 20. 1| 319. 4| 180| 13| China Construction Bank| à China| Banking| 20. 5| 1,637. 8| 201. 9| 15| Gazprom| à Russia| Oil and gas| 31. 7| 302. 6| 159. 8| 19| Agricultural Bank of China| à China| Banking| 14. 4| 1,563. 9| 154. 8| Long-term economic perspectives The present of emerging economies seems promising, but the future seems even better. According to forecasts for long-term growth based on demographic trends and models of capital accumulation and productivity, it seems that the role of emerging economies in the global economy will be even larger. More specifically, according to various surveys, the growth prospects of these economies are striking. You read "Emerging Economies" in category "Papers" The share of Brazil, Russia, India and China, if considered together, could by 2025 correspond to a rate of more than 50% share of the current six largest industrialized economies and to overcome it in less than 40 years. The ââ¬Å"Euroâ⬠perspective From the perspective of the euro, the growing role of emerging economies provides various opportunities. More specifically, the dynamic growth of emerging economies is increasing demand for certain goods and tradable services where the euro zone has a comparative advantage. Also, competition from emerging markets increases motivation for further progress in structural reforms in the euro zone, which are either way necessary. In addition, the Eurozone is capable of seizing new opportunities created by emerging economies. Exports and imports of goods and services of the euro zone represent a significant share of the GDP. Considering this, it is remarkable that the share of the euro zone exports (excluding trade within the euro zone) to Asia increased from 19% in 2000 to 22% in 2009, while exports to the United States decreased from 17% to 12% over the same period. Chinaââ¬â¢s share in total exports of the euro zone increased from 2% in 2000 to 5. 3% in 2009. Exports to Russia more than doubled over the same period from 1. 8% to 3. 9%, thus exceeding the exports to Japan, although the share of Russia was higher in 2008 (5. 0%), before the global trade collapsed. A similar trend was observed in India, though on a much smaller scale, as Indiaââ¬â¢s share was 1. 7% of euro zone exports in 2009. The crisis When the global financial crisis struck, emerging economies responded energetically: China launched a huge stimulus, Brazilââ¬â¢s state-owned banks avished credit, interest rates were slashed. They succeeded so well that by 2010 they were forced to reverse course. To squash price pressures they raised interest rates, curbed speculation and allowed their currencies to appreciate. With a lag, that tightening has had the predicted result. Still, the slowdown has proved much sharper than expected. Europeââ¬â¢s sovereign-debt crisis is par tly to blame. It has sapped demand for the developing worldââ¬â¢s manufactured exports and restrained prices of their commodities; South Africa is a notable casualty. European banks had been conduits for foreign money flowing into emerging markets. Now they are pulling back as they grapple with the problems at home. The issues of slowing growth, high government debts, rising unemployment, and aging populations within developed economies such as the United States presented headwinds for emerging market countries, which in the past had been much more reliant on the health of developed markets. However, because of earlier fiscal discipline, countries such as China, Brazil and Indonesia were able to stimulate economies on their own with low interest rates and massive stimulus packages. The central banks were recourse to those who needed to borrow money, in order to avoid a major crisis. In December 2011 and February 2012, the European Central Bank announced long-term refunding, while European banks borrowed about 1 trillion euros. The U. S. Federal Bank, along with many central banks from developed countries went on with liquidity injections. That move resulted to massive relief, as the markets stabilized and industrial production increased again. The question then was if this would last, allowing the global economy to keep on growing. This was more of concern for emerging economies, which were considered to be safer than economically advanced countries. Many of them faced difficulties when they actually started developing, as they had to deal with massive poverty. Facts about the future Sadly, many emerging-world governments have interpreted the crisis in rich-world finance as a reason to preserve a more muscular role for the state. China has reserved some sectors for state-owned enterprises. In Brazil the big state-controlled oil company, Petrobras, and the tate-controlled banks have become virtual appendages of government policy. Having so much leverage over the economy is indeed helpful during a crisis, but in the long run it will stifle competition, starve the private sector of capital, deter foreign investment and know-how, and breed corruption. When the dust settles, emerging markets will still be growing faster than they did before 2003. But getting back up to the speed of the past decade will mean maintain ing the macroeconomic discipline and returning to the microeconomic reforms that made it possible in the first place. A strong infrastructure has significant long-term benefits, such as a growing manufacturing base, an educated workforce and more mobile, and therefore more easily employable, societies. The build-out of fixed asset infrastructure in China, which has been strong over the past 15 years, continues today, particularly as the population becomes more urbanized. Brazil also continues to invest in infrastructure, with estimates in excess of $800 billion in infrastructure spending as the country prepares to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. For example, the case of India. Since 2009, India has deliberately inflated its deficit in order to offset the economic slowdown. Fiscal expansion was very efficient in promoting growth of demand and supply after several yearsââ¬â¢ restriction. However, now the expansion is limited. Unlike developed countries, most developing economies are under inflationary pressure, which can be worse than additional expensed. Thus, the short-term future seems to be reserving various dangers. Nevertheless, medium and long-term perspectives about emerging economies are positive. Countries that save money, invest in human capital and provide good governance can achieve rapid growth again. India, for example, saves and invests more than 30% of its GDP, devoting a significant percentage of these sources to infrastructure. Thus, the possibility of India expanding its business increases. Investors seem to take seriously into account this perspective. They seem to be very hesitant towards investments in private equity funds. Nonetheless, they provided India with 43,8 billion dollars in long-term direct investments during 2011-2012. Despite the current crisis, the outlook seems encouraging for other emerging economies too, such as Brazil, China and Indonesia. Itââ¬â¢s obvious that during the second half of 2011, developing economies that have faced the economic crisis kind of well, started to feel pressure as the euro zone crisis was getting worse. Growth in Brazil, India, China and other countries noted a remarkable slow down. Global economy seems to be focusing on fast-growing markets that are outside BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as there is the perception that they are capable of integrating faster than the BRIC countries into the global economy due to a number of trade, investment, technological and cultural criteria. These markets achieve constantly high rates of economic growth at the same level with the BRIC countries. Turkey, Indonesia and Mexico come just after China and India in terms of GDP growth between 2000 and 2015. Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Malaysia and Vietnam, along with some countries and regions of Africa are ready to be included in the list with the most dynamic countries in the world, regarding investments. Itââ¬â¢s becoming more and more admissible that these countries are the most significant sources of income for the future years. Same prospects seem to appear for South Africa, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey, which are considered to be the most competitive ones. Executives from all around the economy world claim that they are planning to raise their investments in these markets. As goodsââ¬â¢ and servicesââ¬â¢ trade goes back to the levels it was before the financial crisis and the flow of funds appears to steadily increase, technology and cross-border exchange of ideas will continue forcing growth and promoting globalization. Forecast Forecasts concerning the period of time from now and by 2015 donââ¬â¢t seem really encouraging for Europe and emerging economies. The last yearââ¬â¢s liquidity injection was deemed to be an efficient policy, but it was certainly not a radical solution. No crisis looms, but serious concern is justified, for the emerging world faces two distinct risks: a cyclical slowdown and a longer-term erosion of potential growth. The first should be reasonably easy to deal with. The second will not. Fiscal discipline and investment has delivered for emerging economies up to this point. This can significantly contribute to future growth. If Europe can succeed in promoting large fiscal and banking reforms and put its economy in order, the crisis will probably subside. Otherwise it will remain until the end of 2014 and then Europe will be before high risk once again. Regarding the developing countries, they will definitely be influenced by the U. S. and Europe ââ¬â the two largest economies in the world. Their slowdown will directly affect all developing countries. The analyst, Jean Louis Martin claims though, that emerging economies will account for 52% of the global economy. His forecast is based on current prices and exchange rates-compared with 38. 9% in 2011. Opinion Looking through the past as thoroughly as I can, and considering the risks, my opinion about a potential recovery tends to be negative. A slump in these countries thus looks unlikely; so, however, does a return to the past decadeââ¬â¢s growth rates. China, for one, doesnââ¬â¢t want it. Its economy has become over-reliant on investment; its leaders want to usher in a phase of more sustainable but slower growth, led by consumers. Beyond China, it is increasingly clear that many emerging economies have been growing beyond their underlying potential. Optimists once thought India could sustain Chinese-style growth of over 9% a year; but that led to stubborn inflation and current-account deficits, suggesting that Indiaââ¬â¢s potential growth may be more like 6-7%. There is no guarantee that emerging markets will experience stable, sustainable development, since numerous economic and political risks are lurking. Emerging countries are still vulnerable to economic changes that occur in developed countries. Risks for emerging markets Thereââ¬â¢s a number of potential sources of macroeconomic and political instability such as high fiscal deficits, over-dependence on oil revenues and gas, increasing disparities in income leading to social tensions and acroeconomic and financial instability. Many reports also highlight the pressures on natural resources from the rapid growth in emerging economies, including the increasing difficulty of keeping global warming within the maximum limit of two degrees Celsius. While new unconventional sources like shale gas have reduced fears of depletion of fossil fuels, the risks associated with the most unstable global climate patterns are expected, to follow a steady upward trend. Issues such as taxation of executive compensation, the proper scope of financial regulation, and international M;A have come to the foreground in the wake of the crisis, and stark international differences in opinions and policies on these matters are already evident. The differences will only become more pronounced as discussions about the appropriate near-term policy response to the crisis give way to debates about who should pay and how much. The multinational firms best able to anticipate and manage the related risks and opportunities will have the strongest competitive edge. B. Critically discuss the factors driving the growth of emerging MNEs. Use relevant company and country examples. (500 words) What are MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more than one country. These operations outside the companyââ¬â¢s home country may be linked to the parent by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have considerable autonomy. Firms tend to locate where barriers are easier to overcome. For firms in emerging countries, this initially meant locating in nearby countries with regional, cultural or language ties (so-called South-South FDI). This trend seems to be changing, however, as firms from emerging economies gain prominence. Facts about MNEs There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently operating in the global economy, in addition to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates running cross-continental businesses. The top multinational corporations are headquartered in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan; they have the capacity to shape global trade, production, and financial transactions. Multinational corporations are viewed by many as favoring their home operations when making difficult economic decisions, but this tendency is declining as companies are forced to respond to increasing global competition. Multinational corporations follow three general procedures when seeking to access new markets: * merger with or direct acquisition of existing concerns * sequential market entry and joint ventures Hereââ¬â¢s an example of sequential market entry, which often includes foreign direct investment, which involves the establishment or acquisition of concerns operating in niche markets related to the parent companyââ¬â¢s product lines in the new country of operation. Japanââ¬â¢s Sony Corporation made use of sequential market entry in the United States, beginning with the establis hment of a small television assembly plant in San Diego, California, in 1972. For the next two years, Sonyââ¬â¢s U. S. perations remained confined to the manufacture of televisions, the parent companyââ¬â¢s leading product line. Sony branched out in 1974 with the creation of a magnetic tape plant in Dothan, Alabama, and expanded further by opening an audio equipment plant in Delano, Pennsylvania, in 1977. After a period of consolidation brought on by an unfavorable exchange rate between the yen and dollar, Sony continued to expand and diversify its U. S. operations, adding facilities for the production of computer displays and data storage systems during the 1980s. In the 1990s, Sony further diversified it U. S. facilities and now also produces semiconductors and personal telecommunications products in the United States. Sonyââ¬â¢s example is a classic case of a multinational using its core product line to defeat indigenous competition and lay the foundation for the sequential expansion of corporate activities into related areas. Multinational corporations are thus able to penetrate new markets in a variety of ways, which allow existing concerns in the market to be accessed a varying degree of autonomy and control over operations. Multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion given their perceived lack of concern for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that multinationals are gaining power in relation to national government agencies, international trade federations and organizations, and local, national, and international labor organizations. Despite such concerns, multinational corporations appear poised to expand their power and influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed. They share many common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate new markets, the manner in which their overseas subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations. In particular, factors that benefit MNEs growth are: * labor is relatively cheap * Ownership advantages encompass the development and ownership of proprietary technology or widely recognized brands that other competitors cannot use. Empirical analysis shows that multinationals are often technological leaders that invest heavily in developing new products, processes and brands, which are then kept confidential and are protected by intellectual property rights * technology being adopted is leapfrogging much of the legacy IT infrastructure that is still in use in developed countries * Localization advantages refer to the benefits that come from locating near the final buyers or closer to more abundant and cheaper production factors, such as expert engineering or raw materials multinationals internalize the benefits from owning a particular technology, brand, expertise or patent that they find too risky or unprofitable to rent or license to other firms due to the difficulties of enforcing international contracts * management and production expertise from the parent concern Other concerns raised by respondents included government regulation, established competition, and the availability of communications and digital infrastructure. C. How formidable is the competition posed by emerging markets MNEââ¬â¢s to the ââ¬Å"Westernâ⬠companies? Could it be country- or/and sector-specific? 500 words) Right now more than 20,000 multinationals are operating in emerging economies. According to the Economist, Western multinationals expect to find 70% of their future growth thereââ¬â40% of it in China and India alone. But if the opportunity is huge, so are the obstacles to seizing it. On its 2010 Ease of Doing Business Index, the World Bank ranked China 89th, Brazil 129th, and India 133rd out of 183 countries. Summarizing the bankââ¬â¢s conclusions, the Economist wrote, ââ¬Å"The only way that companies can prosper in these markets is to cut costs relentlessly and accept profit margins close to zero. Western companies have had many difficulties entering emerging markets to date, as they seemed to apply a wrong entering strategies, which were due to lack of knowledge and experience. Many comp anies have already been lured by the promise of profits from selling low-end products and services in high volume to the very poor in emerging markets. And high-end products and services are widely available in these markets for the very few who can afford them: You can buy a Mercedes or a washing machine, or stay at a nice hotel, almost anywhere in the world. Our experience suggests a far more promising place to begin: between these two extremes, in the vast middle market. Consumers there are defined not so much by any particular income band as by a common circumstance: Their needs are being met very poorly by existing low-end solutions, because they cannot afford even the cheapest of the high-end alternatives. Companies that devise new business models and offerings to better meet those consumersââ¬â¢ needs affordably will discover enormous opportunities for growth. Take, for example, the Indian consumer durables company Godrej Boyce. Founded in 1897 to sell locks, Godrej is today a diversified manufacturer of everything from safes to hair dye to refrigerators and washing machines. In workshops we conducted with key managers in the appliances division, refrigerators emerged as a high-potential area: Because of the cost both to buy and to operate them, traditional compressor-driven refrigerators had penetrated only 18% of the market. The markets and operating environments in India are radically different from MNCsââ¬â¢ home markets, making it possible a wide range of competitive encounters and outcomes. For example, there are several layers of product and customer segments that reward different approaches from competitors, making it possible for both local challengers and patient MNCs to find different starting places and, over time, compete more directly. Competition appears to be formidable for ââ¬Å"Westernâ⬠companies, since they are not really qualified to deal with MNEs of emerging markets, which keep on developing. Furthermore, it seems that the competition could definitely be both country and sector specific, as, regardless of the difference in trends perceived as important and the reported level of preparedness, companies, both Western and emerging multinationals, take a similar approach to the critical actions needed to address emerging countriesââ¬â¢ consumer market trends. These include developing new products and services, adapting the brand strategy, conducting market research, and adapting the marketing communication strategy. References * Contessi S. , El-Ghazaly H.. (2010). Multinationals from Emerging Economies Growing but Little Understood. Available:http://research. stlouisfed. org/publications/regional/10/07/multinational. pdf. * Matthew J. Eyring, Mark W. Johnson, and Hari Nair. (2011). New Business Models in Emerging Markets. Available: http://hbr. org/2011/01/new-business-models-in-emerging-markets/ar/1 * Ernst Young. (2013). Focusing on emerging markets. Available: http://www. net. gr/? i=news. el. articleid=338400 * Jean Louis Martin. (2012). Emerging Economies in 2020. Available: http://www. capital. gr/news. asp? id=1497484 * Unknown author. (2013). Challenges in development of emerging economies. Available: http://www. stockwatch. com. cy/nqcontent. cfm? a_name=news_viewann_id=165565 * K. Ghosh and L. Yu. (2012). The future of emerging markets. Allianz Global Investors. 12 (1), 1-4 * AmCham and Booz Company. How to cite Emerging Economies, Papers ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-71940064654378072142020-05-03T20:22:00.001-07:002020-05-03T20:22:03.632-07:00Life Insurance Legal Contract Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Life Insurance for Legal Contract ? Answer: Introduction Life insurance can be defined as a legal contract or agreement between insurer and insurance policy holder in which it is promised on the part of the insurer to the policy holder or his or her designated beneficiary to pay a sum of money after death of the insured person (Cockerell, 2005). This thesis provides both theoretical and analytical ideas about the concepts of traditional net cost method and interest adjusted method that are applicable in the process of computing cost of life insurance. Presently, it has become necessary on the part of policy holders to understand these concepts so that they can avoid the losses that may occur to them as a result of inaccurate cost variations that exist most of the times among similar or comparable life insurance policies(Murphy, 2010). Because of these erroneous cost variations, different levels of costs get associated with the same level of insurance protection offered by different insurance companies. This means that purchase of high cost policy do not always confirm additional insurance protection thereby resulting in wastage of the extra dollars paid (McKnight et al., 2012). Thus, in order to avoid such circumstances, it is necessary to understand the advantages or benefits of interest adjusted cost method over traditional cost method and this thesis is expected to pave for the same. Thesis statement It is important to accumulate and disseminate detailed ideas regarding the concepts of traditional cost methods and interest adjusted cost methods of calculating cost of life insurance so that the advantages and disadvantages of one over the other can be comprehended on the part of policy holders in an efficient manner and cost methods associated with highest levels of advantages can be applied so as to make sure minimum loss and maximum advantage from a life insurance policy. Purpose of the paper The main purposes of the paper are to communicate the advantages of the interest adjusted cost method over traditional cost method to the users of insurance policy and to educate purchasers of life insurance policies on how to deal with a life insurance agent in the process of purchasing life insurance policies. Overview of the paper This thesis covers case study summary and the theoretical and practical discussions on the advantages of interest adjusted cost method of calculating insurance policy cost over traditional cost method. This paper also discusses how clients should assess quality of insurance agents before purchasing insurance policies. Body Background information It has often been observed that due to the presence of erroneous variations in costs of life insurance among comparable life insurance policies considerable amounts of additional costs are incurred on the part of the insurance policy holders for the same amount of insurance protection (Hardy et al., 2007). In other words, costs vary across similar sort of insurance protections offered by different policies of different companies and this most of the times result in incurrence of extra dollars on the part of policy holders (Vogel Blair, 2007). Advantages of interest adjusted cost method over traditional cost method It is important on the part of the clients to assess relative advantages and disadvantages of costing methods and apply the same in a beneficial manner while selecting insurance policies (Maclean, 2009). It is also important on the part of researchers to communicate to the users of insurance policy holders that when it comes to insurance policy cost, interest adjusted cost methods are more accurate that traditional cost methods. This is mainly because of the fact that traditional net cost method used in the process of ascertaining life insurance cost fails to take in to account time value of money and these shows insurance to be free which is false. On the other hand, interest adjusted cost methods are more accurate in the sense that they take in to account time value of money through application of interest factor to each cost element (Zartman Price, 2011). Again, in the context of traditional cash value life insurance policies, data on annual rates of return are not easily avai lable to the consumers. This drawback is absent in the case of interest adjusted life insurance policies as the same make yearly rates of return easily available to the customers. Insurance industry and insurance agents It goes without saying that selling is always a tough job and selling life insurance is even tougher (Huebner Black, 2006). In the insurance industry of today, competition is extremely fierce and under such circumstances, insurance agents are made to sell insurance policies without providing them with sufficient training. Moreover, they are made to work under immense sales pressure so that they can accomplish targeted sales without fault. This is not only the case with new agents but also with mature agents. Under such circumstances, some agents resort to dishonest sales practices such as misrepresentation of insurance to clients or recommendation of policies to clients that maximise commission and do not fulfil client needs (Zartman Price, 2011). In this regard, it is important to educate the clients about the matter that interest adjusted insurance costing method is more accurate than traditional method and an agent calculating cost of a proposed insurance policy through tradition al costing method can be considered incompetent and unacceptable. To be ideally educated, an insurance agent must be a Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC) or Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU) or Chartered Financial Planner. Moreover, he or she must be technically competent and a good advisor (Magee, 2010). Calculations and inferences Computation of annual net cost per $1000 Annual net cost = (tenure of life insurance x annual premium) total dividends for 20 years cash value at the end of 20 years = [(20 x 230) 1613 3620]/ (20 x 10) = - $3.165 The above figure of annual net cost is indicative of the fact that the insures will have to pay $3.165 to the client each year for every $1000 of life insurance coverage bought on the part of the client(Gerber, 2008). No insurance company is expected to accept this as this a loss go the company. Computation of annual surrender cost index per $1000 Annual surrender cost index = [(tenure of life insurance x Annuity due factor for 20 years) accumulated value of dividends for 20 years cash value at the end of 20 years] / annuity due factor for 20 years x 100 = [(230 x 34.719) 2353 - 3620)] / (34.719 x 10) = $0.58 The above figure of annual surrender cost index indicates that if the stated policy is held on the part of the client for 20 years and then surrendered, it would cost $0.58 per $1000 per year(Gaines, 2012). Computation of annual net payment cost index per $1000 Annual net payment cost index = [(tenure of life insurance x Annuity due factor for 20 years) accumulated value of dividends for 20 years] / annuity due factor for 20 years x 100 = [(230 x 34.719) 2353)] / (34.719 x 10) = $1.622 The above figure of annual net payment cost index indicates that if the stated policy is held by the client for 20 years and then the client continue to hold it or died, it would cost $1.62 per $1000 per year(Gaines, 2008). Conclusion Lessons learned An educationally competent insurance agent is a Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC) or Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU) or Chartered Financial Planner (Raynes, 2013). In addition to having proper educational qualifications, an insurance agent needs to be technically competent and a good advisor. Interest adjusted cost method is more appropriate than traditional cost method because of the fact that the former one takes in to account time value of money(Gaines, 2010). In order for an insurance company to make profit, annual net cost index has to be positive Annual net payment cost index is usually higher than annual surrender cost index (Zartman and Price, 2014) Recommendations A number of recommendations have been given at the end of the thesis. First an insurance clients should take in to account professional qualifications, technical competencies and advisory capabilities of an agent before purchasing a life insurance from him or her. Second an insurance client should make sure that his or her insurance costs are calculated through interest adjusted cost methods and not through traditional cost method as the former one is more efficient than the later one(Gerber, 2008). Third, an insurance company should not make a deal until and unless annual net cost index is positive, otherwise the company would make a loss from the deal. References Cockerell, H. (2005). Insurance. London: English Universities Press. Gaines, P. (2008). Interest-adjusted index. Cincinnati: National Underwriter Co. Gaines, P. (2010). Interest-adjusted index; life insurance payment and cost comparisons. Cincinnati. Gaines, P. (2012). Cost facts on life insurance: interest-adjusted method. Cincinnati: National Underwriter Co. Gerber, H. (2008). Life insurance mathematics. Berlin: Springer. Hardy, E., Huebner, S., Michelbacher, G. and Mudgett, B. (2007). Insurance. New York: Alexander Hamilton Institute. Huebner, S., Black, K. (2006).Life insurance. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Maclean, J. (2005).Life insurance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Maclean, J. (2009). Life insurance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Magee, J. (2010). Life insurance. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin. McGill, D. (2013). Life insurance. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin. McKnight, R., Reuter, J., Zitzewitz, E. (2012).Insurance as delegated purchasing. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Murphy, S. (2010).Investing in life. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Raynes, H. (2013). Insurance. London: Oxford University Press. Sneyd, M. (2013).Insurance. New York: Prentice Hall. Vogel, R., Blair, R. (2007).Health insurance administrative costs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Office of Research and Statistics. Zartman, L. and Price, W. (2014). Life insurance. New Haven: Yale University Press. Zartman, L., Price, W. (2011).Life insurance. New Haven: Yale University Press. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-91472405564388703212020-03-27T08:20:00.001-07:002020-03-27T08:20:03.670-07:00Establishing a Daily Writing RoutineEstablishing a Daily Writing Routine There are some specific things which every writer needs: developed creativity, inspiration, dedication, talent. However, there is also one thing which influences all those mentioned before ââ¬â the writing routine. Only writing routine helps to become a productive and confident writer. Actually, any writer who wants to succeed and achieve one`s goals needs to have and follow a writing routine. Working without a writing routine can easily lead you to the trap of procrastination, or you may be disappointed that your work flows in the wrong direction. In fact, a routine makes writing a regular habit. It really works, by the way! So, how to establish a proper daily writing routine for yourself? Let`s take a look at some useful tips concerning this issue. Be sure to find something that will help you! FocusThe first thing you have to do is to focus on that piece of work you are now involved in. Shut on all distractions that may interfere your attention. The more focused you are, the better product you will create. So, dive into the world of writing!Start your work earlyIt is stated by a lot of people that the most productive time is early in the morning. So, do not miss a chance to work during those hours. It really works, since your mind is still cleat but with a great number of new ideas that just need to be put on a paper. In addition, you will spend the rest time of a day being proud of your earlier achievements.Keep a writing log It is a good idea to record or make some notes about how much you write each day. You will see then which days are more and less productive. Be sure that this process will make you more motivated, as well as it will bring you some satisfaction to see the progress. Anyway, it ensures that you will stick to your daily writing routine.Tell your friends and family about your achievementsLet your friends, family members and close people know about your writing achievement. Ask them about the feedback. This act of verbalization will help you to follow the tempo, since every time you will want to show them new results and achievements. You will be more motivated to provide those people with a new material not to spoil their expectations.Try word sprints methodThis method is a great way to put all words from your mind onto the page. For example, you have a short period of time, let it be 30 minutes. During this time, you need to be involved in writing with no breaks and distractions. The aim of this method is to write down as many words as possible, giving yourself a freedom to write quickly and freely. Word sprints can be used in order to establish a daily writing routine.Create a special writing space Many writers consider that a proper writing space influences a lot a daily writing routine. That`s really true. It is extremely useful to have a place that is just for writing and where you can escape from ordinary life and dive into a fictional world. Any writer should have such place when it comes to establishing writing as a regular habit. These easy tips will help everybody to become a confident writer and develop a writing routine. Stick to what you do and love what you do. These things are also of great importance! ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-67526978378843618122020-03-06T21:55:00.001-08:002020-03-06T21:55:03.565-08:00Free Essays on Santa Anaââ¬Å"Antonio Lopez de Santa Annaâ⬠Santa Anna was born in Jalapa, in the province of Veracruz on February 21, 1795. At age 16, he began his military career fighting for the Spanish, but switched sides to support Augustin de Iturbine as the main man of an independent Mexico. As a young military officer, he supported Emperor Agustin de Iturbide, and at one time courted the emperor's sister. He later rebelled against the government and gained support. By 1833, he was elected to president of Mexico by a democratic election. He then thought that Mexico was not ready for democracy and pronounced himself dictator. In 1835, Texas, which was then a part of Mexico, revolted against the Mexican government. The population of Texas included many settlers from the United States, and cultural and legal differences between Mexicans and the settlers had led many Texans to oppose Mexican rule. Santa Anna rushed north to put down the revolt. He attacked San Antonio and stormed the Alamo in March 1836, with an army that outnumbered the Texans. Santa Anna's troops captured the Alamo, and then met the main Texas army under General Sam Houston at San Jacinto. Santa Anna's army was captured, and he was taken prisoner. The Texans forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty acknowledging the independence of Texas. But the treaty was rejected in Mexico City, and Santa Anna was removed from power. In 1838, the French attacked Veracruz. From 1841 to 1844, he was president of Mexico again. In 1844, there was a revolt against him, and he fled to Jamaica. War broke out with the United States in 1846. Santa Anna returned to Mexico and took command of the army. The American forces defeated him at Buena Vista, at Cerro Gordo, and at Chapultepec. After the fall of Mexico City, Santa Anna left Mexico for several years. In 1853, he returned to Mexico and became president again. He declared himself president for life but within two years was again overthro... Free Essays on Santa Ana Free Essays on Santa Ana ââ¬Å"Antonio Lopez de Santa Annaâ⬠Santa Anna was born in Jalapa, in the province of Veracruz on February 21, 1795. At age 16, he began his military career fighting for the Spanish, but switched sides to support Augustin de Iturbine as the main man of an independent Mexico. As a young military officer, he supported Emperor Agustin de Iturbide, and at one time courted the emperor's sister. He later rebelled against the government and gained support. By 1833, he was elected to president of Mexico by a democratic election. He then thought that Mexico was not ready for democracy and pronounced himself dictator. In 1835, Texas, which was then a part of Mexico, revolted against the Mexican government. The population of Texas included many settlers from the United States, and cultural and legal differences between Mexicans and the settlers had led many Texans to oppose Mexican rule. Santa Anna rushed north to put down the revolt. He attacked San Antonio and stormed the Alamo in March 1836, with an army that outnumbered the Texans. Santa Anna's troops captured the Alamo, and then met the main Texas army under General Sam Houston at San Jacinto. Santa Anna's army was captured, and he was taken prisoner. The Texans forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty acknowledging the independence of Texas. But the treaty was rejected in Mexico City, and Santa Anna was removed from power. In 1838, the French attacked Veracruz. From 1841 to 1844, he was president of Mexico again. In 1844, there was a revolt against him, and he fled to Jamaica. War broke out with the United States in 1846. Santa Anna returned to Mexico and took command of the army. The American forces defeated him at Buena Vista, at Cerro Gordo, and at Chapultepec. After the fall of Mexico City, Santa Anna left Mexico for several years. In 1853, he returned to Mexico and became president again. He declared himself president for life but within two years was again overthro... ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-11368140307307225542020-02-19T13:22:00.001-08:002020-02-19T13:22:03.098-08:00Relating to video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsRelating to video - Essay Example While this particular film is able to provide an overview to the current conflicts and the complexities of the region, there is still the need to move further into the history of Jerusalem and the practice of religions that continue to dominate over the region. Historical Feedback of Film There are several balanced points with the history of the film, as well as limitations in recounting the realities of the three faiths in Jerusalem. Generally, the narrative of including the Jewish, Christian and Islamic religion into one film is one which defines an equal balance. The viewer is able to see how each of the dynamics between the religions works within the region and represents a component of life among those that are involved in Jerusalem. More important, the timing for each one, personal stories and the link to the basic history of the development of the religions is balanced. The viewer is able to get an overview of what occurred in the region as well as how this has affected others that are living in the region today. The concept of balancing the history is one which is also seen as effective in terms of relating the 4000 year history to today. The narrators are able to show how the long history can be traced back by all of the religions. This, in turn, becomes a reason behind the conflicts today. Most of the historical conflicts become ingrained with each of the generations, religious beliefs and the aspects that are associated with the region. These are combined with an understanding of how some of the central conflicts, because of their deeply rooted problems with obtaining the Holy Land, have led to continuous misunderstandings at a social, political and individual viewpoint. The video is able to interpret this specific understanding of history clearly and effectively. This specific balance then gives the viewer a general insight into the complexities of both history and the current day conflicts that are a part of the region. While there is a balance fro m this perspective in terms of the historical feedback, there are also several elements that limit what is told from all three perspectives. The first type of imbalance is from the timing of the video. This doesnââ¬â¢t provide in ââ¬â depth insight into the historical findings, different interpretations and other livelihoods of what has occurred within all three religions. Instead, it skims the surface of what is occurring and creates a generalized dynamic about the specific region. When one moves into the deeper history of Jerusalem or looks at other aspects or perspectives, different pieces of information may be found that are either contradictory or which provide further insight outside of what the film offers. The imbalance between stories continues with the perspective which is taken in terms of the audience. The historical component is to look at how the 4000 year old history has affected Jerusalem and created roots of conflict in the city. This is followed by the persp ectives which show the deeply rooted opinions and behaviors of those who are in the city. The movement into the roots and the examination of how the ideals are today leads to a gap in the history. There is an understanding of what has occurred in the beginning and how this has changed today. However, there are other layers of history ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-39292891404016763112020-02-04T09:01:00.001-08:002020-02-04T09:01:03.305-08:00Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1Article Review - Essay Example Building unity and a strong team ethic becomes even more difficult when employees are from diverse cultural, racial and ethnic backgrounds. A seasoned manager would then try to answer the question: ââ¬ËHow can teams be supported more effectively?ââ¬â¢ In trying to answer this question, managers will have to look into many areas of the organization, including ââ¬Å"organizational culture, managers and management practices, policies, procedures, work practices, reward systems, resources, task parameters, types of people assigned to teams, etcâ⬠. (Bandow, 2001, p.42) While some of these parameters are easy to work on, instilling a sense of trust is a much more challenging task. The concept of structured trust is particularly relevant to creating sound teamwork: ââ¬Å"standardized processes, contracts and other verbal and written agreements can all serve as forms of structured trust, and managers can facilitate teams to help establish trust structures.â⬠(Bandow, 2001, p.42) Bandow goes on to list more questions that managers need to answer as a way of building sound teamwork. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-20383127675748787062020-01-27T05:25:00.001-08:002020-01-27T05:25:05.542-08:00Importance Of Time In Distributed SystemsImportance Of Time In Distributed Systems Time is an important and interesting issue in Distributed Systems for several reasons. First, time is a quantity we always want to measure accurately. In order to know at what time of day a particular event occurred at a particular computer, it is necessary to synchronize its clock with an authoritative, external source of time. Second, algorithms that depend upon clock synchronization have been developed for several problems in distribution; these include maintaining the consistency of distributed data, checking the authenticity of a request sent to a server and eliminating the processing of duplicate updates [1] In Centralized systems, there is no need for clock synchronization because, generally, there is only a single clock. A process gets the time by simply issuing a system call to the kernel. When another process after that tries to get the time, it will get a higher time value. Thus, in such systems, there is a clear ordering of events and there is no ambiguity about the times at which these events occur. [4] In Distributed systems, there is no global clock or common memory. Each processor has its own internal clock and its own notion of time. In practice, these clocks can easily drift apart by several seconds per day, accumulating significant errors over time. Also, because different clocks tick at different rates, they may not remain always synchronized although they might be synchronized when they start. This clearly poses serious problems to applications that depend on a synchronized notion of time. Distributed systems are subject to timing uncertainties as certain processes may lack a common notion of real time. Due to an uncertainty in message delay time, absolute process synchronization is known to be impossible for such systems The literature presents issues of timing in distributed systems, physical clocks and their synchronization problems, algorithms for synchronizing physical clocks are presented with their limitations, and also techniques for implementing logical clocks which are used to monitor the order of events without measuring the physical time at which the events occurred The concept of time Let us begin by asking this simple question; does anybody really know what time it is [3] As Lamport notes, the concept of time is fundamental to our way of thinking [7] In fact, real time helps to master many problems of our decentralized real world. Time is also a useful concept when considering possible causality. Consider a person suspected of a crime, if that person has an alibi because he or she was far enough away from the site of the crime at some instant close enough to the time of the crime, then he or she cannot be the culprit. Timing problems Accurate time is important to determining the order in which events occur; [3] this is a basic standard of transactional integrity, system and networkà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã wide logging, auditing, troubleshooting and forensics. Having an accurate time source plays a critical role in tracing and debugging problems that occur on different platforms across a network. Events must be correlated with each other regardless of where they were generated. Furthermore, the notion of time (or time ranges) is used in many forms of access control, authentication, and encryption. In some cases, these controls can be bypassed or rendered inoperative if the time source could be manipulated. For example, a payroll function could be tricked into providing access over a weekend when normally it would be restricted to normal business hours. [3] Physical clocks Most computers today keep track of the passage of time with a battery-backed up Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) clock circuit, driven by a quartz resonator. This allows the timekeeping to take place even if the machine is powered off. When on, an operating system will generally program a timer circuit (a Programmable Interval Timer, or PIT, in older Intel architectures and Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller, or APIC, in newer systems.) to generate an interrupt periodically (common times are 60 or 100 times per second). The interrupt service procedure simply adds one to a counter in memory. While the best quartz resonators can achieve an accuracy of one second in 10 years, they are sensitive to changes in temperature and acceleration and their resonating frequency can change as they age. Standard resonators are accurate to 6 parts per million at 31Ãâà °C, which corresponds to Ãâà ±Ãâà ½ second per day. The problem with maintaining a concept of time is when multiple entities expect each other to have the same idea of what the time is. Two watches hardly ever agree. Computers have the same problem: a quartz crystal on one computer will oscillate at a slightly different frequency than on another computer, causing the clocks to tick at different rates. The phenomenon of clocks ticking at different rates, creating an ever widening gap in perceived time is known as clock drift. The difference between two clocks at any point in time is called clock skew and is due to both clock drift and the possibility that the clocks may have been set differently on different machines. The Figure below illustrates this phenomenon with two clocks, A and B, where clock B runs slightly faster than clock A by approximately two seconds per hour. This is the clock drift of B relative to A. At one point in time (five seconds past five oclock according to As clock), the difference in time between the two clocks is approximately four seconds. This is the clock skew at that particular time. Compensating for drift We can envision clock drift graphically by considering true Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) flowing on the x-axis and the corresponding computers clock reading on the y-axis. A perfectly accurate clock will exhibit a slope of one. A faster clock will create a slope greater than unity while a slower clock will create a slope less than unity. Suppose that we have a means of obtaining the true time. One easy (and frequently adopted) solution is to simply update the system time to the true time. To complicate matters, one constraint that well impose is that its not a good idea to set the clock back. The illusion of time moving backwards can confuse message ordering and software development environments. If a clock is fast, it simply has to be made to run slower until it synchronizes. If a clock is slow, the same method can be applied and the clock can be made to run faster until it synchronizes. The operating system can do this by changing the rate at which it requests interrupts. For example, suppose the system requests an interrupt every 17 milliseconds (pseudo-milliseconds, really the computers idea of what a millisecond is) and the clock runs a bit too slowly. The system can request interrupts at a faster rate, say every 16 or 15 milliseconds, until the clock catches up. This adjustment changes the slope of the system time and is known as a linear compensating Function. After the synchronization period is reached, one can choose to resynchronize periodically and/or keep track of these adjustments and apply them continually to get a better running clock. This is analogous to noticing that your watch loses a minute every two months and making a mental note to adjust the clock by that amount every two months (except the system does it continually). Synchronizing physical clocks With physical clocks, our interest is not in advancing them just to ensure proper message ordering, but to have the system clock keep good time. We looked at methods for adjusting the clock to compensate for skew and drift, but it is essential that we get the time first so that we would know what to adjust. One possibility is to attach a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver to each computer. A GPS receiver will provide time within Ãâà ± 1 msec. of UTC time but Unfortunately, they rarely work indoors. Alternatively, if the machine is in the U.S., one can attach a WWV radio receiver to obtain time broadcasts from Texas, Colorado or Washington, DC, giving accuracies of Ãâà ± 3-10 msec. depending on the distance from the source. Another option is to obtain a GOES (Geostationary Operational Environment Satellites) receiver, which will provide time within Ãâà ± 0.1 msec. of UTC time. For reasons of economy, convenience, and reception, these are not practical solutions for every machine. Most machines will set their time by asking another machine for the time (preferably one with one of the aforementioned time sources). A machine that provides this information is called a time server. Several algorithms have been proposed for synchronizing clocks and they all have the same underlying model of the system Cristians algorithm The simplest algorithm for setting the time would be to simply issue a remote procedure call to a time server and obtain the time. That does not account for the network and processing delay. We can attempt to compensate for this by measuring the time (in local system time) at which the request is sent (T0) and the time at which the response is received (T1). Our best guess at the network delay in each direction is to assume that the delays to and from are symmetric (we have no reason to believe otherwise). The estimated overhead due to the network delay is then (T1- T0)/2. The new time can be set to the time returned by the server plus the time that elapsed since the server generated the timestamp: Suppose that we know the smallest time interval that it could take for a message to be sent between a client and server (either direction). Lets call this time Tmin. This is the time when the network and CPUs are completely unloaded. Knowing this value allows us to place bounds on the accuracy of the result obtained from the server. If we sent a request to the server at time T0, then the earliest time stamp that the server could generate the timestamp is T0 + Tmin. The latest time that the server could generate the timestamp is T1 Tmin, where we assume it took only the minimum time, Tmin, to get the response. The range of these times is: T1 T0 2Tmin, so the accuracy of the result is: Errors are cumulative. If machine A synchronizes from a server B and gets an accuracy of Ãâà ±5 msec but server B in turn got its time from server C with an accuracy of Ãâà ±7 msec, the net accuracy at machine A is Ãâà ±(5+7), or Ãâà ±12 msec. Several time requests may be issued consecutively in the hope that one of the requests may be delivered faster than the others (e.g., it may be submitted during a time window when network activity is minimal). This can achieve improved accuracy. Cristians algorithm suffers from the problem that afflicts all single-server algorithms: the server might fail and clock synchronization will be unavailable. It is also subject to malicious interference. Berkeley algorithm The Berkeley algorithm, developed by Gusella and Zatti in 1989 [8], is form of an internal synchronization that does not assume that any machine has an accurate time source with which to synchronize. Instead, it opts for obtaining an average time from the participating computers and synchronizing all machines to that average. The machines involved in the synchronization each run a time dà ¦mon process that is responsible for implementing the protocol. One of these machines is elected (or designated) to be the master. The others are slaves. The server polls each machine periodically, asking it for the time. The time at each machine may be estimated by using Cristians method to account for network delays. When all the results are in, the master computes the average time (including its own time in the calculation). The hope is that the average cancels out the individual clocks tendencies to run fast or slow. Instead of sending the updated time back to the slaves, which would introduce further uncertainty due to network delays, it sends each machine the offset by which its clock needs adjustment. The operation of this algorithm is illustrated in the Figure below. Three machines have times of 3:00, 3:25, and 2:50. The machine with the time of 3:00 is the server (master). It sends out a synchronization query to the other machines in the group. Each of these machines sends a timestamp as a response to the query. The server now averages the three timestamps: the two it received and its own, computing (3:00+3:25+2:50)/3 = 3:05. Now it sends an offset to each machine so that the machines time will be synchronized to the average once the offset is applied. The machine with a time of 3:25 gets sent an offset of -0:20 and the machine with a time of 2:50 gets an offset of +0:15. The server has to adjust its own time by +0:05. The algorithm also has provisions to ignore readings from clocks whose skew is too great. The master may compute a fault-tolerant average averaging values from machines whose clocks have not drifted by more than a certain amount. If the master machine fails, any other slave could be elected to take over Logical clocks Lets again consider cases that involve assigning sequence numbers (timestamps) to events upon which all cooperating processes can agree. What matters in these cases is not the time of day at which the event occurred but that all processes can agree on the order in which related events occur. Our interest is in getting event sequence numbers that make sense system-wide. If we can do this across all events in the system, we have something called total ordering: every event is assigned a unique timestamp (number), every such timestamp is unique. However, we dont always need total ordering. If processes do not interact then we dont care when their events occur. If we only care about assigning timestamps to related (causal) events then we have something known as partial ordering. Leslie Lamport [7] developed a happened before notation to express the relationship between events: aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢b means that a happened before b. If a represents the timestamp of a message sent and b is the timestamp of that message being received, then aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢b must be true; a message cannot be received before it is sent. This relationship is transitive. If aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢b and bà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢c then aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢c. If a and b are events that take place in the same process the aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢b is true if a occurs before b. The importance of measuring logical time is in assigning a time value to each event such that everyone will agree on the final order of events. That is, if aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢b then clock (a) < clock (b) since the clock (our timestamp generator) must never run backwards. If a and b occur on different Processes that do not exchange messages (even through third parties) then aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢b is not true, these events are said to be concurrent: there is no way that a could have influenced b. Each event is assigned a timestamp by its respective process. The process simply maintains a global counter that is incremented before each event gets a timestamp. If we examine the timestamps from our global perspective, we can observe a number of peculiarities. Event g, the event representing the receipt of the message sent by event a, has the exact same timestamp as event a when it clearly had to take place after event a. Event e has an earlier time stamp (1) than the event that sent the message (b, with a timestamp of 2). Lamports algorithm Lamport [7] proposed an algorithm that forces the resequencing of timestamps to ensure that the happened before relationship is properly depicted for events related to sending and receiving messages. It works as follows: Each process has a clock, which can be a simple counter that is incremented for each event. The sending of a message is an event and each message carries with it a timestamp obtained from the current value of the clock at that process (sequence number). The arrival of a message at a process is also an event will also receive a timestamp by the receiving process, of course. The process clock is incremented prior to time stamping the event, as it would be for any other event. If the clock value is less than the timestamp in the received message, the systems clock is adjusted to the (messages timestamp + 1). Otherwise nothing is done. The event is now time stamped. If we apply this algorithm to the same sequence of messages, we can see that proper message ordering among causally related events is now preserved. Note that between every two events, the clock must tick at least once. [4] Lamports algorithm [7] allows us to maintain proper time ordering among causally- related events. In summary, Lamports algorithm requires a monotonically increasing software counter for a clock that has to be incremented at least when events that need to be time stamped take place. These events will have the clock value, or Lamport timestamp, associated with them. For any two events, where aà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢b, L (a) < L (b) where L(x) represents the Lamport timestamp for event x. Lamport timestamps [7] assure us that if there is a causal relationship between two events, then the earlier event will have a smaller time stamp than the later event. Causality is achieved by successive events on one process or by the sending and receipt of messages on different processes. As defined by the happened-before relationship, causality is transitive. For instance, events a and f are causally related in the figure above (through the sequence a, b, e, f). Implementing Logical clocks To implement logical clocks, [11] each process p, maintains data structures that give it the following two capabilities: A logical clock, denoted by C, that helps P, measure its own progress; and A global logical clock denoted by gC, that represents Ps local view of the global logical time. A protocol is presented to update the data structures; the protocol ensures that a processs logical clock and its view of the global time are consistent. The protocol consists of the following two rules: R1. maintains how a process updates the local logical clock when it executes an Event, whether send or receive R2. maintains how a process updates its global logical clock to update its view of the Global time. It dictates what information about the logical time a process Piggybacks in a message and how the receiving process uses this information to Update its view of the global time A distributed system consisting of logical clocks differ in their representation of logical time and in the protocol for updating logical clocks. However, all systems consisting of logical clocks implements some form of R1 and R2 and thereby achieving the fundamental monotonicity property associated with events and casualty Total ordering of events Note that it is very possible for multiple non-causal (concurrent) events to share identical Lamport timestamps (e.g., c, e, and h in the Figure above). This may cause confusion if multiple processes need to make a decision based on the timestamps of two events. The selection of a specific event may not matter if the events are concurrent but we want all the processes to be able to make the same decision. This is difficult if the timestamps are identical. Fortunately, theres an easy remedy. We can create a total order on events by further qualifying them with identities of processes. We define a global logical timestamp (Ti,i) where Ti represents the local Lamport timestamp and i represents the process ID (in some globally unique way: for example, a concatenation of host address and process ID). We are then able to globally compare these timestamps and conclude that There is no physical significance to the order since process identifiers can be arbitrary and do not relate to event ordering but the ability to ensure that no two Lamport timestamps are the same globally is helpful in algorithms that need to compare these timestamps. In real life, depending on the application, one may use a combination of thread ID, process ID, and IP address as a qualifier to the timestamp. Vector clocks If two events are causally related and event e happened before event e then we know that L (e) < L (e). However, the converse is not necessarily true. With Lamports algorithm, if L (e) < L (e) we cannot conclude that eà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢e. Hence, if we look at Lamport timestamps, we cannot conclude which pairs of events are causally related and which are not. One solution that has been proposed to deal with this problem is the concept of vector clocks (proposed by Mattern in 1989 and Fidge in 1991) [9, 10]. A vector clock in a system of N processes is a vector of N integers. Each process maintains its own vector clock (Vi for a process Pi) to timestamp local events. Like Lamport timestamps, vector timestamps (the vector of N integers) are sent with each message. The rules for using vector clocks are: The vector is initialized to 0 at all processes: Vi[j] = 0 for i,j = 1, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦, N Before a process Pi timestamps an event, it increments its element of the vector in its local vector: Vi[i] = Vi[i]+1 A message is sent from process Pi with Vi attached to the message. When a process Pj receives a vector timestamp t, it compares the two vectors element by element, setting its local vector clock to the higher of the two values: Vj[i] = max(Vj[i], t[i]) for i=1, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦, N We compare two vector timestamps by defining: V = V iff V[j] = V'[j] for i=1, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦, N V à ¢Ã¢â¬ °Ã ¤ V iff V[j] à ¢Ã¢â¬ °Ã ¤ V'[j] for i=1, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦, N For any two events e, e, if eà ¢Ã¢â¬ ââ¬â¢e then V(e) < V(e). This is the same as we get from Lamports algorithm. With vector clocks, we now have the additional knowledge that if V(e) ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-21685113130751789322020-01-19T01:49:00.001-08:002020-01-19T01:49:04.579-08:00Big FootThe Mystery of Bigfoot Bigfoot is unquestionably North Americaââ¬â¢s biggest crypto zoological mystery. The idea of Bigfoot has been around for hundreds of years, its history and possible sightings have been documented for years on end. Throughout history, man has battled the topic of Bigfoot and if this creature really does exists. Researchers have found arguable evidence, and numerous sightings have been reported throughout North America. Then again, roughly 70% of sightings reported are a misidentification.Bigfoot supposedly inhabits forests mainly in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Scientists discount the existence of Bigfoot and consider it to be a combination ofà folklore, misidentification, andà hoax, rather than a living animal. So the question remains, is the existence of this creature fact or fiction? So where does the name ââ¬Å"Bigfootâ⬠come anyway? It is said that this Indian-sounding word was coined in the 1920ââ¬â¢s by J. W. Burns, a tea cher who for fours years collected stories about wild, hairy giants from his Chehalis Indian friends.Burns combined several similar Native Canadiansââ¬â¢ names for these creatures and created the word ââ¬Å"Sasquatchâ⬠. In recent years, scientists and folklorists looking to bring respectability to the subject but most North Americans still use the name ââ¬Å"Bigfootâ⬠. The first use of the now widely used label did not occur until a construction worker named Jerry Crew appeared at a northern California newspaper office with a cast of the alleged Bigfootââ¬â¢s foot found in the mud in Bluff Creek Valley.Hundreds of people have reported seeing the Bigfoot or itââ¬â¢s footprints but none have physical evidence to back up their stories. They describe the creature as standing from seven to ten feet tall and weighing more than six hundred pounds. The distinctive footprint shows a track as left by a giant five toed human foot. The average length is fourteen to sixteen inches long. The most controversial evidence of Bigfoot's existence is the infamous Patterson video. It was filmed in 1967 near Bluff Creek California. By Roger Patterson, an amateur Bigfoot hunter and rodeo cowboy.In the video, which was filmed in a dry creek bed, Bigfoot appears to be walking along the creek bed, and at one point even stared at the camera. The footage has been analyzed many times by scientists, some of which say the footage is realistic while others do not. Many times when people see something like Bigfoot they think that they will be ridiculed by their friends and neighbors, so they keep there encounter secret for many years. Until others tell their stories. The top three questions that come into some ones mind when they hear about Bigfoot are ââ¬Å"is he man, myth or creature? . Many do not believe of such a creature lurking the forests and are uneducated on the topic so they come to the quick conclusion that someone disguised himself in a costume for attention perhaps. The majority believes strongly that Bigfoot is evidently a myth or hoax for the simple logic that there is not enough evidence to prove Bigfootââ¬â¢s existence. The most arguable evidence are footprints that can be easily replicated to furthermore puzzle scientists. Also, the lack of carcasses and excrements just donââ¬â¢t add up.Lastly, the big question of is it just a creature which means every sighting would have to be a misidentification. Scientists do believe and have partial evidence that Bigfoot could be a relative with an ancient ape named ââ¬Å"Gigantopithecusâ⬠. Then again, some footprints have been reported with claw marks, which could be a grizzle bear. Many can speculate the existence of Bigfoot but until a body is scientifically examined, the riddle of Bigfoot will continue as one of cryptozoologyââ¬â¢s biggest and most famous enigmas. Even if Bigfoot is just one big hoax, the myth will live on forever. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-35409264276704702522020-01-10T22:11:00.001-08:002020-01-10T22:11:04.002-08:00Macbeth Downfall EssayA good description of the character Macbeth from an unknown author: ââ¬Å"I am my own worst enemy and I can never win the fightâ⬠(www. searchquotes. com). This quote describes Macbethââ¬â¢s fighting for the throne and his failure in doing so. The main character, Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth, plot together to kill their king and take over the throne. Their success is short lived when the guilt of this evil act takes its toll on Lady Macbeth ultimately ending in her demise and Macbeth steers him self towards his own downfall. Macbeth makes bad decisions during the play that all snowball into a final battle. A question that is regularly thrown up in the air for debate is- Who is Responsible for Macbethââ¬â¢s downfall? Some critics believe that it was Lady Macbeth that led Macbeth on the road to failure. Seeing how she is the one who forcefully prods Macbeth into murdering Duncan; However, it is Macbeth who suggests that they take advantage of their golden opportunity and Lady Macbeth just keeps him on track with their devious plan. In fact when one looks at who is the most responsible for Macbethââ¬â¢s downfall, it is Macbeth because he was the first to think about killing Duncan, he killed Banquo, and he murdered Macduffââ¬â¢s family. To begin, some might argue that it is Lady Macbeth who is the main reason for Macbethââ¬â¢s downfall. After receiving the message from Macbeth about his prophecy given to him by the three witches he tells her that they should kill Duncan when he come over to their castle. When Macbeth is considering to not kill Duncan lady Macbeth threatens him with: ââ¬Å"I would, while it was smiling in my face,/ Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums/ And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you/ Have done to thisâ⬠(I. vii. 57-60). To some critics this line is the shove that Lady Macbeth gives Macbeth to his downfall. This is just one interpretation of who is at fault, the evidence from Act I shows that it is really Macbeth who is at fault. The three witches have just given Macbethand Banquo their prophecies. Macbeth is thinking about what the witches have told him: ââ¬Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion/ Whose horrid image doth unfix my hairâ⬠(I. iii. 138-139). This is Macbeth realizing that his first thought after finding out that the first prophecy came true and what he will have to do for the second one to come true. Macbeth caused his own downfall by thinking about killing Duncan and then sharing those thoughts with Lady Macbeth. If Macbeth never had the thought of taking fate into his own hands then he would not have told Lady Macbeth and would not have had his horrific downfall. That is why he is the one responsible for his own demise. Firstly, Macbeth caused his own downfall by killing King Duncan. His thoughts about killing Duncan started his downward spiral to his own death. Macbeth is a very malicious character bound for self destruction while taking others who were close to him, with him. Macbethââ¬â¢s first instinct when given the prophecies is to murder for his own personal gain. Macbeth is still thinking over whether or not to kill Duncan when he says: ââ¬Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me,/ The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch theeâ⬠(II. i. 33-35). This quote shows that subconsciously he wants to kill Duncan for the throne. Even though he is weary about the murder his subconscious is telling him that it is the right thing to do and that he will be better off as king. Macbeth is convincing himself to kill Duncan, which shows that he is the reason for his downfall by starting a chain of events that lead to his death. Macbeth also raises suspicion from Banquo by killing Duncan because Banquo heard the prophecy of being king as well. Banquo is leaving Macbethââ¬â¢s castle when he says: ââ¬Å"Thou hast it now: king, Cawdor, Glamis, all,/ As the weird women promised, and I fear/ Thou playedââ¬â¢st most foully for ââ¬â¢tâ⬠(III. i. 1-3). This quote is Banquo saying that he suspects that Macbeth has cheated Duncan from the throne. This adds to Macbeth being his own worse enemy because now he has created a loose end because Banquo knows about the prophecy given to him. This is another reason why Macbeth caused his own downfall. Secondly, Macbeth adds to his own downfall by trying to clean up after himself by getting rid of Banquo and Fleance whom he fears knows about him killing King Duncan. Macbeth is worried about the truth of the murder getting out so he takes matters into his own hands by hiring three murderers to find and kill Banquo and Fleance before they can tell anyone of the terrible truth about Duncanââ¬â¢s untimely death. Macbeth fears Banquo because Banquo suspectââ¬â¢s foul play in Macbethââ¬â¢s becoming of king. Macbeth shows his fear of him right after he and Fleance leave Macbethââ¬â¢s castle: ââ¬Å"There is none but he/ Whose being I do fearâ⬠(III. i. 56-57). In this quote Macbeth is talking about Banquo and how he fears that he knows that he murdered Duncan to become king. Macbeth supects that Banquo knows this because he was with him when the three witches came and gave Macbeth the prophecy of becoming king. Because of the prophecy that was given to Banquo, he would not be king but his son would start a line of kings, this means that Macbeth must be overthrown for Fleance to be king. Macbeth sends people to kill Banquo and Fleance because he does not want the prophecy to become reality because this would mean his death. Macbeth knows that he has made it easier for Fleance to be king when he says: ââ¬Å"For them the gracious/ Duncan have I murdered:/â⬠¦ To make them kings, the seed of Banquo kings! â⬠(III. i. 68,72). Macbeth has killed Duncan and assumed the role of king but once Banquo tells people that Macbeth has killed Duncan then there will be an uprising against Macbeth, which may end in him dying. If Duncan were still alive then Fleance would not have a chance to become king and Macbeth would not have created his own downfall. Lastly, Macbeth goes out of his way to murder Macduffââ¬â¢s family because he did not attend his coronation. This leads to Macduff grieving over his loss and Malcolm trying to turn his sorrow into vengeance. Malcolm convinces Macduff to seek revenge on Macbeth by telling Macduff: ââ¬Å"Be comforted. / Letââ¬â¢s make us medââ¬â¢cines of our great revenge,/ To cure this deadly griefâ⬠(IV. iii. 219-221). Malcolm is telling Macduff to use revenge to help mend his broken heart from the death of his family. Malcolm wants to seek revenge on Macbeth for killing is father and stealing the throne and wants Macduff to do the same. Macduff agrees with Malcolm and they set out to kill Macbeth for his treachery. By killing Macduffââ¬â¢s family, Macbeth only gave Macduff a reason to kill him. There was no need to kill Macduffââ¬â¢s family that is why Macbeth is at fault for his own downfall and no one else. To conclude, Macbethââ¬â¢s downfall is entirely his own fault. Firstly his malicious side comes out and he kills King Duncan, then he proceeds to try and clean up his mess by getting rid of suspicions which goes unsuccessful, and finally he murders Macduffââ¬â¢s family which gave Macduff reason to kill him. That is how Macbeth caused his own downfall and is why he is entirely at fault. The outcome may have been different if it were not for all three events happening. Because these events occurred lives were lost for nothing seeing as Macbeth lost the throne and died in the end. Why does Macbeth kill Macduffââ¬â¢s family? Get an answer by ordering custom essay. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-49328453691887849112020-01-02T18:35:00.001-08:002020-01-02T18:35:03.981-08:00Essay about Religious Toleration during the Enlightenment The Enlightenment of the 18th century evolved due to the many changes brought about by the Scientific Revolution. With all of the new scientific discoveries, new thought processes were developed. The scientists of the Scientific Revolution brought about revolutionary change. These scientists inspired the philosophes of the Enlightenment to challenge the ways of the Old Regime and question the ideas of the church. Philosophers such as Francois Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke published their controversial ideas and these ideas along with some important political action, helped to mold a new type of society. The new society was one that tolerated different religious beliefs. The minds of men, abandoning the old disciplinesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This caused many problems because Protestants and Catholics could not live together peacefully. Individuals from both religions did not see the others view. This was one reason that the Enlightenment was needed. Because th e members of each religion resented each other so much, many wars were fought. This also brought about new questions as to which religion had the correct beliefs. The religion that was practiced was dependent upon the country, and the leader of that country.4 The Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Toleration Act of 1689, and the English Bill of Rights of 1689 were major political actions that helped to establish religious freedoms. These political actions established that the Crown could not have a standing army or levy taxes on the citizens without the permission of Parliament. They also abolished the concept of the divine right of kings and extreme religious persecution. Before the Glorious Revolution, the Toleration Act, and the English Bill of Rights, the King or Queen was able to mandate a universal religion for all of the nationââ¬â¢s citizens. This caused a lot of turmoil within the nation and caused it to stand divided. With more citizens beginning toShow MoreRelatedPowerful Enlightened Depots841 Words à |à 3 Pages18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). The magnitude of the philosophy movement known as the E nlightenment sent ripples throughout Western society. The philosophers believed that in order to improve society they had to enlighten the monarchs. The views of the Enlightenment did to find their way inside the palaces of Europes leaders; however, the monarchs retained their greatRead MoreThe, Gift Of God s Grace1284 Words à |à 6 Pages17.3 Joseph II of Austria, Toleration Patent 1781, pogroms, Pietism, John Wesley, Methodism, ââ¬Å"gift of Godââ¬â¢s graceâ⬠1) Joseph II of Austria. Joseph II of Austria was emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1765 to 1790, and served as ruler of Habsburg from 1780 to 1790. Joseph strongly emphasized an enlightened version of absolutism, which gained him much needed support at the time. During his tenure, Joseph sough truly radical changes in government through Enlightenment ideas. His commitment to modernizingRead MoreVoltaire s Candide : The Enlightenment Principle Of Reason1201 Words à |à 5 Pagesfour values of the Enlightenment: hope, progress, natural law, and reason. Being a man of the enlightenment, it makes sense for Voltaireââ¬â¢s novel to include these values. Using ironic humor and satire, Voltaire managed to say what he needed to say without being directly responsible for having said it. As Candide reads like an adventure story, there is a lot of dialogue between characters. Through these conversations and stories, Voltaireââ¬â¢s Candide shows support for the enlightenment principl e of reasonRead MoreThe Role of the Roman Catholic Church During the Enlightenment1570 Words à |à 7 PagesProving to be the paramount of the conflict between faith and reason, the European Enlightenment of the eighteenth century challenged each of the traditional values of that age. Europeans were changing, but Europeââ¬â¢s institutions were not keeping pace with that change.1 Throughout that time period, the most influential and conservative institution of Europe, the Roman Catholic Church, was forced into direct confrontation with these changing ideals. The Church continued to insist that it was the onlyRead MoreJohn Locke : The Most Influential Philosophical And Political Thinker917 Words à |à 4 Pagesinfluential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth centuryâ⬠(Kagen 213). He lived in a period of great political change; Lockeââ¬â¢s upbringing came to influence his philosophies, and these ideas had much significance in regards to the Enlightenmen t. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset (John Locke 9: 478). Early on came the outbreak of the English Civil War. Anglican and possessing Puritan sympathies, Lockeââ¬â¢s father fought with the parliamentary forces against the royalistRead MoreAdvancements During The 18th Century1245 Words à |à 5 PagesDBQ Essay During the 18th century, advancements to European thought commenced being wide spread throughout the continent. These advancements, known as the Enlightenment, urged Europeans to look beyond what they had previously known and to expand their knowledge, in order to reform their societies in political and economic matters. Enlightenment thinkers believed in human ability to understand the world in which they lived and to conform it to their needs. They advocated many methods of economicRead More Enlightenment Attitudes Towards Religion Essay654 Words à |à 3 Pages Enlightenment Attitudes Towards Religion Scientific and philosophical innovations during the 18th century brought about a new breed of thinkers. Their driving forces of rational and reason shifted the religious temperament of the elite from ââ¬Å"enthusiastsâ⬠to intellectuals. ââ¬Å"They argued that there was no divine standard of morality, no afterlife to divert humanity from worldly concernsâ⬠(The Western Experience, pg. 657). They were radicals who sought to displace the authority of religion. DrivenRead MoreA Great Period Of Time1528 Words à |à 7 Pagestradition. ââ¬Å"Prior to the Enlightenment, believing in God in the West was like believing in the sunrise; the answer to all the big questions of life was Godâ⬠(Wade). During this time many things revolved around the bible, as did the government since the bible was the main source of knowledge. Many viewed Christianity as the centerpiece of their lives, but the view of many would soon change during the time of the Enlightenment. The enlightenment began in the early 1700ââ¬â¢s and during this time period manyRead MoreThe Historical Period of Enlightenment741 Words à |à 3 PagesEnlightenment The historical period which is known as the Enlightenment occurred during the latter half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. The period was marked by a decided increase placed on the importance of scientific and philosophical investigation. Political philosophy was one of the most frequent and important branches of theorizing and discourse. One of the most famous political theoreticians was a man named John Locke. His theories would revolutionize the way thatRead More`` Nathan The Wise `` And Francoise De Graffigny s Letters From A Peruvian Woman1506 Words à |à 7 PagesDuring the eighteenth century, marriage was a representation of not only the unity between man and women but it was also a representation of a woman taking a servile, less meaningful role in the household. Once married, women were expected to be completely submissive to their husbands. This was the norm across Europe and even in enlightened society. These relationships were hierarchical. It was not customary for women to attend schools that educated men the math and sciences. Women holding privileged ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-62448185494650130102019-12-25T15:02:00.001-08:002019-12-25T15:02:02.310-08:00Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9? Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9? The Unexpected Truth About Essay Samples for Grade 9 Additionally, there are free informative speech papers that it is possible to download from the world wide web. In 10th grade, students ought to be in a position to write and complete written compositions on a normal basis. Therefore, such statement should not be overly large or general, because it defines the essential route for the paper. Exactly like a thesis statement, a purpose statement can be found at the close of the intro paragraph, or may choose the kind of a different paragraph in sizeable papers, like dissertations etc.. If you are in possession of a crystal clear essay, readers will understand easily what you wish to tell. The readers wish to read an essay that's absolutely free from any mistakes so it will be simple to comprehend. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning and the whole thought of your essay might be incomprehensible. Therefore, either you wish to learn more about how to compose an essay, or you desire some essay writing services or even in the event that you would like to go through some sample essays, then just refer to WritingBest and all of your requirements will be fulfilled whenever possible. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you are going to want to argue is an excellent start. So whenever you're writing on argumentative subject, then you have to be more careful than you usually are. If you would like to convince your readers, be sure that you present information in a superior manner that could be read easily. It's critical to be specific and supply factual details. Design an internet site which pulls information from several sources to supply a unified view. The information should have a superior flow. The Fight Ag ainst Essay Samples for Grade 9 Essay writing is often practiced is schools. Months before the IELTS test, you should first realize the position in which you stand when it comes to the English language. You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. Students are requested to indicate how a specific sentence may be corrected or improved or the way the organization or development of a paragraph may be strengthened. Students learn how to write effectively when they write more frequently. They have to write essays depending on the teacher's instructions or their desired style in writing. Lack of time Unlike in high school, they do not have a lot of time to write essays in college. As a consequence, most students prefer to look for external aid to be able to boost their grades. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Samples for Grade 9? Argumentative essays are a structure and form of an essay that's intended to argue a particular idea or concept that's then brought through a process which delivers support and data that could enhance or take away from the view of the scenario. In a brief paper, a thesis statement should be found at the close of the intro paragraph. What's more, it's possible to also seek the aid of your course mates that have a better knowledge of the topic than you do. Put simply, the theme on which you are likely to compose your thesis ought to be limited in scope or it can turn out disjointed and lose its intended aim. The Chronicles of Essay Samples for Grade 9 Reading samples of response papers is also an additional way by which you can easily learn how to compose a reaction paper to documentary. Then, you've got to keep in your mind several things. These guidelines will help you in planning how to compose a reaction paper to a documentary. Use recognizable tone along with theme you may identify with. The effect of consumerism is a problem for global warming. The usage of fossil fuels is also quite effective as it reduces using harmful fuels like petroleum and diesel as they harm atmosphere around us. Increasing for production is the consequence of consumerisms. The Downside Risk of Essay Samples for Grade 9 Provide the facts of your litigation certifications Your previous work experience will assist you in getting more employers. Finally be certain that your essay meets minimum set requirements and doesn't overlook some crucial requir ements. Some individuals desire to get a good life partner, although some of them desire to have handsome quantity of income. Person goal examples may supply the guidance to a person. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-65178991872230917002019-12-17T10:51:00.001-08:002019-12-17T10:51:04.971-08:00The Compound Effect By Darren Hardy - 1029 Words Griffey Halle Bus 210 Dr. Carl Wysocki Book Summary June 11, 2017 The Compound Effect by Darren Hardy This was a very good and intriguing book to read throughout the past couple weeks. I thought that Darren Hardy made handling money and life very simple and easy unlike other books. I Thought for my summary of the book that I would share some of his great ideas he presented in the book with his wisdom. Success and failure are the results of the choices that we make everyday. Part of the compound effect is making the right decision over and over again for a long period of time in order to be consistently successful. Its all about making the right decision which can be hard at times because sometimes you donââ¬â¢t know what the right decisionâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬Å"every decision, no matter how slight, alters the trajectory of your life (pg.23).â⬠Another great thing I took from this book is to track the habits that you want to change. This is something that I can apply to my whole life especially the financial part of it. I fid myself spending my money way to fast and wondering how it disappeared so quickly. In the book it says to make sure you record everything that you buy so you can make improvements on what you are doing with your money. ââ¬Å"Tracking is a simple exercise. It works because it brings moment-to-moment awareness to the actions you take in the area of your life you want to improve (pg. 38).â⬠Another great part about this book is when he talks about riding the momentum of success. Its important that when you find success that you go back to what got you there and work just as hard as you did before and you will begin to ride this wave or rhythm of success. ââ¬Å"Achievers-People who get into a successful rhythm-continue busting their butts and end up achieving more and more (pg.94).â⬠I think that one of the most important parts of the book is when talks about developing a routine. A routine is everything, its what you do everyday in order to be successful and find success in life. Developing a routine develops great habits in every part ofShow MoreRelatedIndia Wine Industry Report5915 Words à |à 24 Pages and Pikes, Victor Precie and Stonier of Victoria have tied up with Echidna Wine Traders to market their wines in India. Xanadu and Cape Mentelle from Western Australia are also being marketed in India by Fine Wines More and Moet Hennessey. BRL Hardy has a dist ribution arrangement with Sula Vineyards of Nasik. Additionally well known Australia brands such as Oxford Landing, Yellow Tail, Jacobs Creek, and Tyrell are readily available in India. Market Segment and Market Share for Imported Wines: ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-59014893100398160762019-12-09T07:34:00.001-08:002019-12-09T07:34:03.926-08:00Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Question: Discuss about the Substance Abuse and Mental Illness. Answer: Individuals suffering from substance abusing are also suffering from mental illness as well as significant challenges for the practitioners of mental health. The treatment of this disease is really difficult as it needs to undergo a series of psychological treatment. In 1980 the recognition of dual diagnosis was first done. Treatment of the patients with dual diagnosis is quite troublesome (Braddy et al. 1996). Time when mental illness and substance abuse takes place together, at that time they are known as co-morbidity. Psychological sickness along with substance abuse kind of incidents occur on a variety, and a concurrent issue arises when they converge anytime, generate an almost never-ending rundown of feasible mixes. For example, a clild may use liquor to adapt to sentiments of uneasiness or even utilize medication to adapt to manifestations of ADHD (Hilarski and Wodarski 2008). The more serious the basic psychological well-being or substance mishandle issue is, the more probable it will raise to a simultaneous issue. The connection between psychological wellness issues and substance abuse fluctuate contingent upon the sort and seriousness of the emotional well-being issue, the substance utilized and the seriousness of the substance mishandle issues (Cuzen et al. 2014). For instance, in grown-ups, tension and discouragement are more identified with substance reliance, instead of substa nce abuse.6 However, there is less research inspecting these distinctions in youth. The most widely recognized dysfunctional behaviors found in mix with substance mishandle among youth are CD, ODD, clinical discouragement and PTSD. In Western societies, homeless people have a higher predominance of emotional sickness when contrasted to the general population. They additionally will probably be alcoholic and experience the ill effects of medication dependency. It is evaluated that 2025% of homeless people, contrasted and 6% of the non-destitute, have serious mental illness. Others estimated that up to one third of the destitute experience the ill effects of mental distress. Studies have found that there is a connection amongst homelessness and imprisonment. Those with emotional instability or substance abused were observed to be incarcerated at a higher recurrence than the general populaces. Genuine mental illness disrupts the individuals' capacity for completing the basic parts of everyday life, for example, self care and family unit administration. Mental illness may likewise keep people from framing and keeping up stable connections or make them misinterpret others' direction and respond irrationally (Kessler et al. 1994). This frequently brings about pushing away the care-givers, family, and companions who might be the constrain shielding that individual from getting to be noticeably destitute. Poor emotional health may likewise control physical well being, predominantly for homeless individuals. Emotional unsteadiness may make individuals take no notice of playing it safe against ailment. At the point when consolidated with lacking hygiene due to vagrancy, this may result in physical issues, like respiratory infection, skin dieses, or even introduction to tuberculosis (TB) or HIV. Almost half of the realistically sick poor populace experiences substance abuse and dependence (Substance Mishandle and Psychological well-being Administrations Organization). For some homeless, substance abuse co-occurs with emotional sickness. Regularly, individuals with untreated emotional sicknesses utilize road for sedating themselves as an improper type of self-medication. Homeless with both substance disorder and emotional sickness encounters extra impediments for the recovery, for instances, increased risk for brutality and exploitation (Lembke 2012). Addiction is basic in individuals with emotional well-being issues. Be that as it may, despite the fact that substance abuse and emotional wellness issue like depression and anxiety are firmly connected, one doesn't straightforwardly bring about the other. Substances like drugs, alcohol are frequently used to self-medicate the signs of anxiety or depression.It also causes abuse based on the side-effects and in future, worsens the minor signs that initially occurred. It also increases the risk underlying for mental disorders.Mental disorders occur due to complex interaction of genetics, the surroundings, and other external facts (Mariani, Khantzian and Levin 2014). It causes mental health problem worse.Substance abuse may prominently increase signs of mental sickness or initiate new signs. Alcohol and drug abuse can also act together with medicine like antidepressants, anti-anxiety pills, and frame of mind stabilizers, making them less efficient. The article has explored PTSDSUD co-morbidity in a discouraged test. We found that females and people had nearly identical their reality, rehash, or repeat of these encounters, the misfortune's age at the event of the damage, or the blameworthy party. Subsequently, it is conceivable that females in our study had more over the top encounters of harm than males. In like way, they were essentially more conceivable than people to self-see as Aboriginal, which may have developed their weakness for mischief introduction (McCrackwen, Holmes and Corrigan 1998). The marvels of chronicled and trans-generational harm, encounters of youth care, non-state funded school, and social minimization are especially consistent among Aboriginal masses The watched sex contrasts may in like way be inferable from females being at a more authentic hazard for specific sorts of traumatic occasions, (for example, sexual abuse) that will probably acknowledge PTSD (Ogloff, Lemphers and Dwyer 2004). Homeless females and males may benefit by the same treatment parts keeping an eye on their substance use rehearses, additional sex-specific fragments may be melded to address their enthusiastic prosperity issues. Clinicians working in SUD organizations for the dejected should realize that females are more inclined to have synchronous PTSD, and should be set up to offer PTSD treatment as a joined some bit of their organizations, or insinuate them to an organized treatment program. Clinicians should be orchestrated to offer crisis and suicide neutralizing activity and treatment for females with PTSD. In addition, their generous, energetic, and subjective appearances of inconvenience could respond to eager control and stress organization get ready using cognitive behavioral and loosening up frameworks. Starting late, rationalistic lead treatment has been joined with a postponed acquaintance tradition with treat PTSD in females with complex psychiatric conditions, and has yielded promisi ng results in diminishing a broad assortment of trauma related and psychiatric appearances (Torchalla et al. 2014). Clearly, it is possible that females report more important appearances in these areas essentially in light of the way that they have more PTSD signs than folks, and in this way, realizing standard PTSD treatment would be sufficient to enhance each and every opposite reaction. This is a district in which future research is required. Folks, on the other hand, may benefit by the extension of expert and gathering reintegration organizations. It may be clear as an associated but unrelated pathologic or illness process; this term is generally used in the epidemiology realm for indicating the co-existence of two or even more illness processes. in recent times, professionals have started using the terms dual diagnosis and co-morbidity in an interchangeable manner for referring an individual with a material (Thomson, Wilson and Robinson 2009). Patients with co-occurring syndrome are tough to the drug and psychological treatment due to their frequency in both systems and the complex symtomatology, they are showcased to treatment providers. Effectual treatment for this varied population need to address several issues. If compared with single-disorder patients, those with co-occurring sickness have high rates of criminal involvement, recidivism, homelessness, suicide, and frequent psychiatric day care visits, and lower rates of healing and medicine faithfulness (Lehman and Dixon 2016). They are also more expensive for the entire health care system. It might be characterized as an accompanying however random pathologic or, on the other hand ailment handle; the term is normally utilized as a part of the domain of the study of disease transmission in request to demonstrate the concurrence of at least two infection forms. As of late, experts have started to utilize the terms double conclusion and co morbidity reciprocally to allu de to a person with a substance utilize issue and an existing together psychiatric issue. Customers with co-happening issue are trying to the medication and emotional well-being treatment frameworks in view of their commonness in both frameworks furthermore, the complex symtomatology they present to treatment suppliers. Viable treatment for this heterogeneous populace needs in tending to various issues. In contrast with single-issue customers, those with co-happening issue have higher rates of recidivism, criminal inclusion, suicide, and vagrancy, more regular psychiatric hospitalizations, and lower rates of cure and prescription adherence (Pickard and Fazel 2013). They are likewise more exorbitant to the social insurance framework. The high rate of co-morbid substance misuse and passionate infection centers to the prerequisite for a broad approach that recognizes, surveys, and in the meantime treats both dissipates. Patients with co-happening disarrange much of the time show more extraordinary indications than those brought on by either issue alone, underscoring the prerequisite for joined treatment. Vigilant conclusion and checking will help ensure that signs related to prescription misuse (e.g., intoxication, withdrawal) are not stirred up for a discrete mental issue. To be sure, even in people whose comorbidities don't occur at the same time, ask about exhibits that mental issue can assemble vulnerability to coming about medication misuse and that solution mistreat constitutes a peril consider for coming about mental disarranges (Barry et al. 2014). Along these lines, assurance and treatment of one issue will likely decline peril for the other, or if nothing else upgrade its conjecture. The need to make capa ble interventions to treat both conditions at the same time is unequivocally supported by inspect, yet has been difficult to execute eventually in light of the fact that: The therapeutic administrations structures set up to treat substance misuse and passionate affliction are regularly separated, hereafter inefficient. Specialists tend in treating the patients with passionate disorders; while a mix of providers with fluctuating establishments pass on sedate misuse treatment. Some substance misuse curing centers are uneven against using any solutions, including those vital to treat patients with genuine mental issue. Still, behavioral treatment options revamp for a given age assembling or sex have exhibited ensure for treating drug abuse and mental turmoil comorbidities, and research is under way to deal with perceive medicines concentrating on both issue. Clinicians and researchers generally agree on the wide range conclusion and synchronous treatment (pharmacological and behavioral) will provoke better results for patients with comorbid disarranges. The disgrace affixed to substance misuse and mental disarranges consistently ruins early assurance and true blue treatment. More conspicuous understanding coming to fruition due to late legitimate revelations that substance misuse and maladjustment irritate a part of a comparative personality limits will diminish the social disrespect that averts treatment pursuing, quality, and access by patients with either or both conditions (Dols et al. 2014). Individuals who have substance abuse disorder as well as mental sickness are recognized as analyzing for having co-occurring disorders, or dual disorders. This is likewise in some cases called a dual diagnosis. A substance use disorder incorporates Alcohol or drug abuse Alcohol or dependence Drug abuse is determined when substance utilize meddles to have working at work, at school, and in social connections. It is likewise analyzed when substance utilize makes or compounds a medicinal condition or when substance utilize happens in hazardous circumstances. Liquor or drug determination is a more extreme condition than liquor or drug abuse. Notwithstanding confronting more pessimistic results, individuals with reliance have flopped in their endeavors to refrain from or control their utilization of substances. Now and again, physiological reliance may likewise exist, which is shown by uplifted resistance (requiring to a greater extent a substance to get a similar impact) and withdrawal (encountering indications, for example, tremors or sickness when substance utilize has halted). The absolute most regular psychological wellness issue found in artificially subordinate individuals incorporates state of mind and nervousness issue (Crump et al. 2013). A considerably higher rate of individuals with serious emotional sickness additionally has co-happening substance utilize clutters. Called extreme in light of the seriousness and length of scenes of disease, these emotional well-being clutters incorporate schizophrenia and schizoaffective issue. The disorder might occur due to several risk factors. A particularly dynamic domain of co-morbidity research incorporates the search for qualities that may slant individuals to make both propensity and other enthusiastic insecurities, or to have a more genuine peril of a minute issue occurring after the primary appears. It is evaluated that 40-60 percent of an individual's defenselessness to impulse is inferable from innate qualities; the greater part of this shortcoming rises up out of complex collaborations among various qualities and from genetic relationship with biological effects. In any case, qualities can in like manner act round about by altering how an individual responds to push or by enhancing the likelihood of risk taking and interest searching for practices, which could affect the headway of pharmaceutical use issue and other useless practices (Post et al. 2014). A couple of regions of the human genome have been associated with extended peril of both medicine use diffus es and useless conduct, fusing association with more critical weakness to pre-grown-up drug dependence and direct issue. References Barry, C.L., McGinty, E.E., Pescosolido, B.A. and Goldman, H.H., 2014. Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: public views about drug addiction and mental illness.Psychiatric Services,65(10), pp.1269-1272. Brady, S., Hiam, C.M., Saemann, R., Humbert, L., Fleming, M.Z. and Dawkins-Brickhouse, K., 1996. Dual diagnosis: a treatment model for substance abuse and major mental illness.Community mental health journal,32(6), pp.573-578. Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M.A. and Sundquist, J., 2013. Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study.JAMA psychiatry,70(9), pp.931-939. Cuzen, N.L., Stein, D.J., Lochner, C. and Fineberg, N.A., 2014. Comorbidity of obsessivecompulsive disorder and substance use disorder: a new heuristic. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 29(1), pp.89-93. Dols, A., Rhebergen, D., Beekman, A., Kupka, R., Sajatovic, M. and Stek, M.L., 2014. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities: results from a bipolar elderly cohort study.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,22(11), pp.1066-1074. Hilarski, C and Wodarski, J 2008, Comorbid substance abuse and mental illness, Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 1(1), pg. 105-119. Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.U. and Kendler, K.S., 1994. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey.Archives of general psychiatry,51(1), pp.8-19. Lehman, A.F. and Dixon, L. eds., 2016.Double jeopardy: Chronic mental illness and substance use disorders. Routledge. Lembke, A., 2012. Time to abandon the self-medication hypothesis in patients with psychiatric disorders. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 38(6), pp.524-529. Mariani, J.J., Khantzian, E.J. and Levin, F.R., 2014. The self?medication hypothesis and psychostimulant treatment of cocaine dependence: An update. The American journal on addictions, 23(2), pp.189-193. McCracken, S.G., Holmes, E.P. and Corrigan, P.W., 1998. Cognitive Behavioral Strategies for Persons with Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Problems.Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills,2(2), pp.206-232. Ogloff, J.R., Lemphers, A. and Dwyer, C., 2004. Dual diagnosis in an Australian forensic psychiatric hospital: Prevalence and implications for services. Behavioral Sciences the Law, 22(4), pp.543-562. Pickard, H. and Fazel, S., 2013. Substance abuse as a risk factor for violence in mental illness: some implications for forensic psychiatric practice and clinical ethics.Current opinion in psychiatry,26(4), p.349. Post, R.M., Altshuler, L.L., Leverich, G.S., Frye, M.A., Suppes, T., McElroy, S.L., Keck Jr, P.E., Nolen, W.A., Kupka, R.W., Grunze, H. and Rowe, M., 2014. More medical comorbidities in patients with bipolar disorder from the United States than from the Netherlands and Germany.The Journal of nervous and mental disease,202(4), pp.265-270. Thomson, L., Wilson, J. and Robinson, L., 2009. Predictors of violence in mental illness: the role of substance abuse and associated factors.The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology,20(6), pp.919-927. Torchalla, I., Strehlau, V., Li, K., Aube Linden, I., Noel, F. and Krausz, M., 2014. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder comorbidity in homeless adults: Prevalence, correlates, and sex differences. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 28(2), p.443. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-6298079278969109772019-12-01T19:15:00.001-08:002019-12-01T19:15:04.616-08:00The conventions governing ministerial responsibility Essay ExampleThe conventions governing ministerial responsibility Paper As we have learnt from out study of conventions, it would be very difficult to track down every convention relevant to ministerial responsibility, as they can be found from a variety of sources, some of which are unwritten. I shall be attempting to examine the most significant conventions, and examining their nature to determine exactly how effective they are. In particular, I shall look at the nature of convention itself to establish criteria on which we can judge the scope and adequacy of the conventions. I shall also examine incompetence and impropriety throughout ministerial departments and the civil service, because as we shall discover shortly, ministers are accountable for more than just their own actions. Conventions are the rules which regulate the day-to-day functioning of the legal constitution, described by some as the rules of constitutional morality. The most important conventions in the constitution are commonly regarded as those which either limit monarchical power or, as is applicable here, regulate the relationship between government and Parliament. The nature of convention is such that some may be well-established and clear, like that which ensures that Parliament meets at least once a year, whereas others are less clear and tend to cause controversy. For a convention to be properly established, it needs to be accepted by those whom it affects. However, a convention is not directly enforceable by law, which is where matters of inadequacy play a part, as we shall discover later on. We will write a custom essay sample on The conventions governing ministerial responsibility specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The conventions governing ministerial responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The conventions governing ministerial responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ministers are members or supporters of the party in power which holds political office, who often have departmental responsibilities for which they are politically responsible to Parliament as individuals. Ministers are thus responsible for their own actions, a concept known as individual responsibility, and are accountable for the actions of their department, and I shall discuss the distinction between the two later on. Ministerial responsibility has been the accepted basis of parliamentary government in Britain since the mid-19th century, along with particular development in the other main aspect of ministerial responsibility collective responsibility. This is the idea that ministers must hold a united front once a cabinet decision has been made, having been given the chance to dissent or resign when the decision itself was being made. It is necessary to outline some of the governmental conventions used regarding ministerial responsibility. The Ministerial Code created in 1945 is the primary source for most of these conventions, which were revised and reissued by Blair in 1997. The principles of ministerial conduct stated in this code include a duty to uphold collective responsibility and a requirement for ministers to account for the activities of their department/agency. More specifically, the code also states that, ministers who knowingly mislead Parliament will be expected to offer their resignation to the Prime Minister, and the word knowingly is of particular significance. Ministers have a duty to be as open as possible with Parliament and the public, refusing information only when disclosure would not be in the public interest. A minister must behave according to the highest standards of constitutional and personal conduct in the performance of their duties. The Carltona Principle also states that if a decision is made on behalf of one of his officials, then that constitutionally is the ministers decision. It is also a duty of a minister to send civil servants under him to select committees for questioning, if they are called upon. However, in most cases, civil servants are not responsible for their actions and decisions, unless powers have been formally delegated from a minister. Despite the apparently clear nature of these conventions, the system of ministerial responsibility has been shown by many to be an insufficient means of scrutinising government, and ways of breaking these conventions, or amending them to suit circumstances have exposed their uncertainty and inadequacy. If we examine some of the conventions that I listed, we can show how each of them has failed in their duty to govern ministerial responsibility. I outlined that ministers have a duty to account for their departments, but there is a growing accountability gap which is allowing ministers to distance themselves from the traditional full accountability for their department. Prison difficulties in 1995 exposed this issue, when the chief executive of the Prison Service was dismissed following review of prison security, which showed problems traceable to the prison service headquarters. The Home Secretary, Michael Howard denied that any policy of his caused the problems, and refused to take responsibility for his agencys failures. The fact that a minister actually has the freedom to do this exposes the clear inadequacy of the convention in safeguarding against ministerial impropriety, which saw a member of the civil service take responsibility for the issue without much political tumult from the rest of the government. Even if Howard wasnt at fault, the convention has no means of testing or ensuring that, nor of actively stopping a minister from relinquishing responsibility for a departmental error. The Scott Report 1996 is full of examples of ministers deliberately holding back information, refusing to answer questions and providing inadequate responses to questions. The whole arms to Iraq issue exposed problems within the conventions of ministerial responsibility, particularly in defining who was accountable, and in extracting necessary information from officials. It can be argued that those ministers who did not account for their actions for reasons of commercial confidentiality, or in the public interest, were not fulfilling their ministerial duty, particularly in knowingly misleading Parliament. Scott specifically stated that British Governments act as though they are the state, and regularly confuse the public interest with their own governmental convenience. Even though the government narrowly avoided being implicated for a cover-up by surviving a parliamentary debate by one vote, convention was shown to insufficiently prevent ministerial misconduct. I find that the usage of the confidentiality excuse was particularly barren, as it contradicted UK policy to publish details of certain arms exports in the UN Arms Register, itself an initiative of John Major. As Lewis and Longley identify, there was no reason why the ministers could not have at least provided details regarding the nature and quantity of arms involved, even if commercial confidentiality had to be maintained. In general, conventions regarding avoidance of answering questions are completely deficient in preventing the avoidance of politically fragile issues out of convenience. The democratic process is totally undermined by the inability to scrutinise government, and prevent such indirectness. Another issue brought up by the report was the prevention of the select committee from questioning key civil servants who had retired. These civil servants would have provided valuable information to the inquiry, but convention held that they could not be questioned. Inadequate safeguarding against ministerial errors is yet again exposed, as this convention acts as yet another means of shielding ministers (and departments) from taking responsibility for their actions. On the whole, the Scott Report exposed a general assumption of executive dominance over Parliament, prioritising government policy over law, and depicting the conventions as open to discretion and highly ambiguous. It is outlined in convention that ministers should maintain the highest standards of constitutional and personal conduct, yet the nature of ministerial responsibility has been shown to be such that the upholding of this convention is also unnecessary. The government almost always backs any minister that is facing an enquiry, using its majority in the House of Commons, if opposition attempts to table a motion of censure to try and employ some means of governmental scrutiny. Thus another convention is shown to be empty and easy to bypass by government shielding of its own. I have discussed the inadequacy of these conventions in some depth, but further examination of the uncertainty of the scope of some of these conventions is also required. I outlined a duty to uphold collective responsibility. However, from examples such as dissent regarding implementation of a 10% tariff in the economic crisis of 1932, and the unwillingness to continue membership of the European Communities in 1974, an alternative option was given to ministers whereby it was not necessary for ministers to resign, known as agreement to differ. In the first example, the option for completely open dissent was given, but in the second example, only dissent outside of Parliament was permitted. It appears from these examples that departure from convention governing ministerial responsibility is permissible when it suits the Cabinet, undermining the nature of the convention itself. Also, as outward cabinet unity (regarded by many as the main reason for collective responsibility) has been sacrificed in any case by allowing open dissent, why should different levels of outward dissent be permitted in different circumstances? The scope of convention is shown to be uncertain here, as well as the extent to which the convention should apply, and when agreement to differ, should be permitted. The whole responsibility vs. ccountability debate shows further uncertainty as to how far convention actually applies. Theoretically, a minister is accountable for all that happens in his department, but my example of the Home Secretary in 1995 showed weakness in this convention. The real problems arise when there is genuine uncertainty as to who is responsible for a policy. The uncertain nature of this convention allows a minister to avoid taking responsibility for a decision made in his department, but similarly, a civil servant can also avoid this responsibility, as he isnt expected to know enough to make sufficiently educated decisions. There is also continuing debate regarding how far a minister is responsible for maladministration of power if a civil servant below him makes a mistake, and the circumstances in which a minister should have to resign. Clearly convention does not hold the answer to these questions, as the answers depend on the political atmosphere in which the issue has occurred, so convention can be shown to be uncertain in providing safeguards against relinquishment of ministerial responsibilities. I have based my argument on criticism of the conventions governing ministerial responsibility. However, there are aspects of convention which could be called creditable, and show why the system of convention has lasted so long. One good thing about this system is that it has allowed power to theoretically remain in the hands of the electorate, so that ministers can share out policy-making and administrative authority, rather than having it concentrated in the hands of the monarch. This in turn makes it relatively easier to scrutinise these spread powers. Although the idea of absolute control of political behaviour through collective responsibility is debatably a dangerous idea, it also has positive aspects in showing the party to be uniform in policy and ideas, working together for the good of the people, and also helps to contain public disagreement between departments, which would otherwise present the view of a dysfunctional government. Also, when I discussed the nature of agreement to differ, although my point was that it contravened convention, I do believe that the actual concept itself is positive, and should be more clearly incorporated into the convention itself. I have emphasised throughout the essay that the civil service are able to avoid taking responsibility for many of their actions, but ministers do have the power to dismiss civil servants for maladministration or other major errors, so they are not completely free from responsibility. The courts can also get involved in issues of ministerial responsibility where necessary, although their power is limited to compensation and other similar judgements, rather than amendments to problems cemented by the nature of ministerial responsibility. I must also stress that in criticising the conventions governing ministerial responsibility, I am not necessarily discrediting the convention system as a whole; rather I am identifying that the current conventions that we have are vague, uncertain and inadequate at preventing ministerial incompetence and impropriety. It must still be noted that conventions remain an effective way of keeping the constitution up to date regarding contemporary political values. I also commented on how convention is not actually legally enforceable. However, as Dicey argues, breaking of many conventions can in fact still lead to involvement of the courts, as convention and law in our constitution are so intertwined that breaking one will very often require breaking of the other. In a survey, Mancuso stated that whatever is not expressly forbidden is tacitly permitted. In this summary of the nature of convention, Mancuso highlights what I think is the main problem with our current conventions governing ministerial responsibility. The conventions are too vague and open to interpretation, and as a result, it is impossible for the convention system to effectively scrutinise government. Clearer definitions need to be made of the conventions, possibly using legislation as well, so that proper safeguards against ministerial (and departmental) incompetence and impropriety can be imposed. Once these conventions are amended, it will be much easier to make specific changes to the administration, such as creating a policy register so that blame and responsibility can be effectively administered, and changing circumstances in which ministers can avoid answering questions when subject to select committee review. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-66389537696530330502019-11-26T19:51:00.001-08:002019-11-26T19:51:04.629-08:00Kant and Mill EssaysKant and Mill Essays Kant and Mill Essay Kant and Mill Essay Essay Topic: Immanuel Kant Kant and Mill Name: Course: Date: Kant and Mill Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, both prominent philosophers have diverse opinions towards the elements of moral theories. Kantââ¬â¢s views are considered rather interesting while compared to those of Mill, which are more conservative. The differences in their beliefs pertaining to the moral laws have been a cause for controversy for the longest period. The ââ¬Ënew-ageââ¬â¢ philosophers have accepted neither Kantââ¬â¢s theory nor Millââ¬â¢s. Instead, they have stated that none of the theories can stand individually but if they are both put together, they are more sensible. However, this has also stemmed some more debate and so the matter has remained unsolved in philosophy. The good will of a person is alleged to be an intrinsic feature of the individual. It refers to the kind of good that chooses to fulfill its moral duty to act in a certain way that is expected by the society. Kant stated, ââ¬Å"A good will is not good because of what it affects or accomplishes.à ¢â¬ This statement is alluring not only because of the logic behind it but because it applies a lot to humanity. This is because the message the statement depicts is that a personââ¬â¢s goodwill is not presumably good because of the effect of the actions of the person in question. For this reason, Kantââ¬â¢s statement appeals to me. The actions of an individual may be focused on merely favoring some inclinations and the sum of the inclinations in question. This kind of goodwill is lacking in power according to the moral theories by both Mill and Kant. However, it should be known that goodwill could let a person have a good disposition to will in a certain way. Kant mentioned two key aspects in his theory, ââ¬Å"the good will and duty.â⬠Kant did not think that any outcome was in the favor of general good. This paper will take up the concept of duty, which includes that of an individualââ¬â¢s good will. Good character trait like ingenuity, intelligence and courage are important in any morally upright person. However, these traits can lead someone to do the wrong thing and in so do ing become ââ¬Ëevilââ¬â¢. He uses this to describe the good will of humankind. Kant thinks the only intrinsically good thing in a person is the good will. Good will is not only shown by appearance and actions but it is based on the outcomes of the actions. If the results are good, the will is also believed to be good. Intrinsic good refers to a concept that assumes that somethingââ¬â¢s good is found in itself. Duty on the other hand is the necessity to act out of reverence for the law and moral codes in a certain setting. It does not depend on results of a particular action and any principles. Laws teach us what we can or cannot do. We have to follow these principles, which guide our actions. The maxim should be consistent with laws. For instance, a person who talks on the phone during a movie, they have to keep their voices low. Such a person should consider whether the act is worth it or not. If the person foresees any bad consequences, it will be wiser to desist from the action. Millââ¬â¢s illustrious formulation in philosophy is filled with religious intolerance. He appealed for freedom and his opinion is that if all human beings have the same opinions apart from one; only that the one person has a contrary view. The rest of the human beings with a similar view have no reason to forbid this person to speak just because they have differing opinions. There is no logical reason that warrants the prohibiting of the opposing party to air his or her views. Mill has a formulation called the ââ¬Å"greatest happiness principle.â⬠It helps people to do the right thing in appropriate proportions, as they strive to promote general happiness for all humankind. He clearly states that there is a difference between higher and lower forms of happiness. He defines the difference between higher and lower forms of happiness with the principle that those who have experienced both tend to prefer one to the other. Kant thought the fundamental principle of our moral duties is a categorical imperative. It commands us to exercise our wills in a particular way and to not do wrong since we posses rational wills. Both of Kant and Millââ¬â¢s opinions are based on reputable principles. Kant was a philosopher and astronomer. He was also a founder of German classical philosophy and idealism. He is considered one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe. He depicts the moral obligation of philosophy. According to him, an act is right if and only if it is done because of an individualââ¬â¢s sense of duty. However, for Mill, an act is right if and only if it results in the happiness of humanity regardless of the duty of the person. Kant believes that what matters is that the will that was involved. Millââ¬â¢s is an empiricist theory because he believes that the outcome and consequences of the action is what matters. Kantââ¬â¢s is a rationalist theory. He has good intentions though invalid because in reality, nowadays, the outcome is what matters as opposed to the reason the action took place. Mill rejects the Kantian tendency to separate morality and happiness. Happiness is morality that includes both physical and intellectual pleasure. Mill espouses the importance of cultivated minds for this reason; through education, humans can tap into the unlimited sources of intellectual stimulation that have been provided by civilization. I disagree with Mill as he thinks happiness arises from instrumental good. In my opinion, it occurs because of the intrinsic good. I believe our mental states determine whether we are happy or not. Mill fails to prove his greatest happiness principle through his varied arguments. I reject empiricism and accept rationalism instead. Although studying and experience can reveal useful information, knowledge can also be acquired from experience. People should accept Kantââ¬â¢s opinion of the difference between phenomenal and numeral reality. This is vital for one to understand his moral philosophy. Our will is in control but the outcome of our will is not. A good person is not someone who does ââ¬Ëgoodââ¬â¢ but rather is one who wills to be good. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-51544373316286416912019-11-23T03:25:00.001-08:002019-11-23T03:25:04.736-08:003 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists 3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists 3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists By Mark Nichol Whether items are listed in line (within a sentence) or vertically, the syntactical structure of the items should be consistent. In the following three examples, discussion and revision illustrate this point. First Example 1. Integrity to the Discipline 2. Constructive Board Engagement 3. Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establish a Learning Culture 5. Set Appropriate Incentives In this list of topics, the first three are written as phrases, while the last two are imperative sentences (meaning that they tell the reader to do something). Every item should follow the same organization, one way or the other: Option 1: Phrases 1. Integrity to the Discipline 2. Constructive Board Engagement 3. Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establishment of a Learning Culture 5. Setting of Appropriate Incentives Option 2: Imperative Sentences 1. Bring Integrity to the Discipline 2. Enable Constructive Board Engagement 3. Promote Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establish a Learning Culture 5. Set Appropriate Incentives Second Example 1. Appearances are everything. 2. Tell the story. 3. Keep it short. 4. Speak with authority. 5. Respond directly to questions. 6. Be a team player. In this set of statements, all items are complete sentences, but the first one is a declarative statement (one that states a fact or idea). The easiest solution here is to alter the outlier (though in certain cases it may be more appropriate, or otherwise preferable, to retain the syntactical structure of the minority item(s) in a list): 1. Remember that appearances are everything. 2. Tell the story. 3. Keep it short. 4. Speak with authority. 5. Respond directly to questions. 6. Be a team player. Third Example Management complexity is significantly reduced. Tool sprawl eliminated. Scalable, resilient infrastructure. Each of the three items in this list is different; the first is a declarative statement, the second is also declarative but, as is sometimes done in lists, it has (unlike the previous item) been truncated by omission of a helping verb, and the third item is simply a phrase. Again, unless there is a good reason for structuring list items to match the exception or exceptions, go with the majority: Management complexity is significantly reduced. Tool sprawl is eliminated. Infrastructure is scalable and resilient. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowAcronym vs. InitialismPractice or Practise? ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-82333752654828617652019-11-21T04:05:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:05:17.931-08:00Tree Farming vs Agricultural Farming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsTree Farming vs Agricultural Farming - Essay Example Agricultural farmers are employees rather than private land owners and this farming involves cultivation of food crops, cash crops as well as farming of animals for food and milk. Agricultural farms tend to grow a variety of crops on the same land and large harvestings take place over a small period. Whereas tree farming is a long process, where it takes about twenty to twenty five years for a sapling to grow into a big tree and only one type of tree is planted across the whole plantation. The two terms however are not to be intermixed as they both share some similarities and differences. (Agriculture) Agricultural farming demands a lot of attention from the farmers. They have to keep a constant check on the quality of the yield as well as the health of the animals. Trees, on the other hand do not require rigorous cultivation, but like agricultural farming there are certain practices that need to be followed in order to keep the growth and the quality of the trees to the best level. The land of the plantation should be carefully monitored so that it is prevented from wildfire, overgrazing and the trees should be kept free from diseases and insects. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-30364062438338753902019-11-19T17:14:00.001-08:002019-11-19T17:14:04.495-08:00Marriage is a private affair ( by Chinua Achebe) Research PaperMarriage is a private affair ( by Chinua Achebe) - Research Paper Example On the other hand, Igbo village is the symbol of ancient and rigid traditions. Encapsulating within the compass of a fascinating saga of love, ââ¬Å"Marriage is a Private Affairâ⬠by Chinua Achebe, presents a conflict of old and new at different realms of life and include social, psychological and cultural perspectives. Thesis Statement The pieces of Achebe are stuffed into realism and his story; ââ¬Å"Marriage is a Private Affairâ⬠is not an exception either. To evolve the realism in the story, Achebe employs myriad devices and techniques. This essay intends to give a detailed exposition to the thought process of Achebe and his devices used in the realm of physical, psychological and cultural elements in order to achieve realism in the story. Physical Reality Employed in the Story Achebe in his story, ââ¬Å"Marriage is a Private Affairâ⬠tries to evoke the physical reality that appeals to all the five senses of a human being. On the plane of this appeal to the five senses, Achebe achieves the physical reality in the story. This technique of Achebe is much inspired from the romantic poetry, especially that of Keats. The only difference is the variation in consequence that the appeals at respective planes have manifested. In Romantic Poetry, there was a sheer feeling of ecstasy and here the technique is employed to generate realism in the story. All the senses of sight, smell, taste, sound and touch are evoked throughout the story to make it real and relate it to all the senses of mankind operating throughout. The sense of sight is evoked through the detailed description of the beauty and the good manners of the woman, whom Nnaemekaââ¬â¢s father selects to marry. Here the usage of words and its representations are so strong that the sense is perfectly evoked through mere words: ââ¬Å"I have found a girl who will suit you admirablyââ¬âUgoye Nweke, the eldest daughter of our neighbor, Jacob Nweke. She has a proper Christian upbringing. Wh en she stopped schooling some years ago her father (a man of sound judgment) sent her to live in the house of a pastor where she has received all the training a wife could need. Her Sunday school teacher has told me that she reads her Bible very fluently.â⬠Nnaemeka, further narrates his acquaintance with the girl, ââ¬Å"He remembered Ugoye quite well, an Amazon of a girl who used to beat up all the boys, himself included, on the way to the stream, a complete dunce at school.â⬠These words suggest the visual imagery to the plane of realism where the light on the character of Nnaemeka is further revealed strongly (Achebe, ââ¬Å"Marriage Is a Private Affairâ⬠). The appeal of sight and smell is evoked through the description of the women of Ibo tribes in maintaining their household. Along with it, the good food that the Ibo women cook and its detailed description project the appeal of sight and smell. The sense of hearing is made pertinent through the literal audible s ilence that the readers go through after the confession of Nnaemeka (to marry Nene Atang) to his father Okeke, ââ¬Å"I shall never see her,â⬠was the reply. From that night the father scarcely spoke to his son. This feeling of gloomy silence which posses more sense of threat than Okekeââ¬â¢s thundering speeches evokes a true scene of hearing which can be perceived through the ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-38866073907659716822019-11-17T05:46:00.001-08:002019-11-17T05:46:07.642-08:00The Hunger Games Movie Essay Example for Free The Hunger Games Movie Essay The Hunger Games book and movie are great. Well, if you have seen them you clearly see that the movie and the bookââ¬â¢s plots are relatively similar, but there are a few differences between the movie and the book. Although they bear some seeming variances, the similarities between the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games movie are pronounced. To begin, the Hunger Games movie is a very interesting movie that is modified in order to clarify several concepts that cannot be presented as they were written by Suzanne Collins. To interpret this idea, the Hunger Games movie was altered so the viewers could understand many ideas that Suzanne Collins wrote, but could not be incorporated into the movie in the same way. For example, the idea that the items and the obstacles in the arena were created and controlled by the Gamemakers is depicted in the movie when the Gamemakers create graphics of mutations and then drag them to where they want to place them. Once they are released, the mutations come to life in the arena. On the contrary, the Hunger Games book contains the original content and ideas; however, the Hunger Games movie contains slightly different content and does not represent the same intentions. In other words, the Hunger Games book had no modifications made to it because it has the original material. To illustrate this point, in the book, as Madge bids farewell to Katniss before she leaves to the Capitol, she gives Katniss the mockingjay pin so she can wear it as the token from her district in the Games. However this concept was modified and in the movie someone who appears to be Greasy Sae gives Katniss the mockingjay pin. Then, Katniss gave the pin to Primrose as a symbol of protection at the reaping. As Primrose says farewell to her sister, she returns the pin to her as a sign of protection as well. These two gestures are clearly different, when Madge gives Katniss the pin it is with the intention that the pin will be her token from her district in the Games, with the intention that Katniss will show pride in her district. Meanwhile, Primrose gives Katniss the pin with the intention that the pin will protect her during the Games. More importantly, the Hungerà Games boo k and the Hunger Games movie contain unquestionable similarities. ââ¬Å"May the odds be ever in your favor.â⬠This famous phrase that Suzanne Collins wrote in the book appears throughout the movie. This phrase was portrayed in the book as words people would joke about, but in reality they realized that it was very devastating, for in fact the odds were not in their favor. The idea of how this phrase was viewed in the book was delicately portrayed in the movie when Gale told Katniss his name was in the reaping forty-two times. Not only was this a devastating amount of times because he was eighteen, but because he took out tesserae for his siblings, so they would not have to risk their chances of being chosen to participate in the Games, and his mom. Furthermore, the producer of the Hunger Games movie carefully depicted Cinna as he was described by Suzanne Collins in the book. In the book, Katniss contemplated, ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m taken aback by how normal he looks. Most of the stylists they interview on television are so dyed, stenciled, and surgically altered theyââ¬â¢re grotesque. But Cinn aââ¬â¢s close-cropped hair appears to be its natural shade of brown. Heââ¬â¢s in a simple black shirt and pants. The only concession to self-alteration seems to be metallic gold eyeliner that has been applied with a light hand.â⬠The producer of the movie did an outstanding job portraying Cinna. In the movie, the stylists and the civilians of the Capitol dress absurd. They had colored hair, crazy hair styles, strange wardrobes, unnatural skin colors, and a more than necessary amount of makeup on. Meanwhile in the movie, Cinna dressed casually, meaning no crazy wardrobes or crazy hair, simply just a layer of metallic gold eyeliner. He was portrayed exactly like this in both the movie and the book. In addition, the producer did a tremendous job creating the seam environment on the reaping day, as it resembles what Suzanne Collins wrote in the book about the seam on the reaping day. Collins wrote from Katnissââ¬â¢ perspective saying, ââ¬Å"But today the black cinder streets are empty. Shutters on the squat gray houses are closed. Our house is almost at the the edge of the seam. I only have to pass a few gates to reach the scruffy field called the Meadow. Separating, the Meadow from the woods, in fact enclosi ng all of District 12, is a high chain-link fence topped with barbed-wire loops.â⬠The scenes in the movie that show the seam during the morning of the reaping day resemble this description from the book. It was important for the producer of the movie to capture the essence that theà reaping day causes. The reaping is not a happy or joyful event it is very depressing and devastating, therefore it was crucial for Suzanne Collins to describe the day of the reaping as deserted and to describe everyone as keeping to themselves on this day. The movie captured the mood and tone that the reaping day was very depressing. While some differences between the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games movie are evident, the similarities are striking. The Hunger Games movie was slightly altered to incorporate and express the same ideas expressed in the book. However, the Hunger Games book contains the original material that was interpreted into the movie with different intentions. Despite having these differences, the similarities between these two topics are that they both exhibit that the odds are not in their favor, they both portray Cinna as normal dressed and casual, and in the movie, and the seam resembles and captures the mood and tone of the seam that Suzanne Collins wrote about in the book. It is evident that the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games movie contain more similarities than differences because the only differences were concepts and ideas that needed modification. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3150249272283169503.post-17695798754661969562019-11-14T18:18:00.001-08:002019-11-14T18:18:05.509-08:00To what extent do you find this a satisfactory ending to the novel - :: English LiteratureTo what extent do you find this a satisfactory ending to the novel - chap6 Salinas River consequences of Lennies actions. To what extent do you find this a satisfactory ending to the novel? Chapter 6 takes place at the Salinas River in the late afternoon where we see the consequences of Lennies actions. After murdering Curley's wife in the barn, Lennie has gone on the run and hides in the brush. George finds Lennie and tries to give him a fear free death. This is probably the most moving chapter of the novel. In many ways I find it a satisfying ending, but there is also an element of surprise in the fact that it is George who kills his best friend Lennie, although Steinbeck has prepared us with the death of Candy's dog and Curleys wife. The impact of the ending is very poignant and touching as I feel sympathy for Lennie as I feel I understand him better than the other characters that have died. The link between the beginning of the novel and the end makes it more complete as there is a full circle. The setting that they're in, along the Salinas River with men shouting, and the reason why they are there are also similar to the beginning of the novel and this has looped. Lennie is running from this ranch, the same as in the beginning as they ran away from Weed. But the previous reason was not as serious as this one. Lennie had been accused of raping a woman, whereas this instance he has murdered one. The only other difference in this is that Lennie expects George to follow him and they would both escape together, but that was not to be the story. This was unexpected in the way that George killed Lennie, but Lennie had done too many bad things and this time he had crossed over the line and George had had enough. Lennies hallucination shows how he's imitating all the people close to him. This could be a sign of him going insane and not knowing what to do. When George arrives at the brush, Lennie is trying to make him follow the same ritual by first of all waiting as George tells him off, and then attempts to make him feel guilty by saying how he could run away and live in a cave. After that George would feel sorry for Lennie and they would make up and talk about the ranch and the rabbits. Lennie thinks that he is succeeding, but it creates an empathetic mood when George finally shoots Lennie. ellenlawrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10326664869084760219noreply@blogger.com0